Operational efficiency often leads to environmental compromise in solid waste management. An approach discussed in the International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences proposes an innovative approach that could improve the collection and transportation of municipal waste. The researchers have turned to the Plant Propagation Algorithm (PPA), a nature-inspired computational method, for a different perspective on routing waste collection vehicles.

Urban sanitation services need vehicles to traverse the city as efficiently as possible. But, working out the schedules and routes many vehicles need to take is no simple planning matter. Vehicles obviously have limited waste capacity, traffic conditions vary, and there are collection time windows with which to contend in terms of access. Moreover, all vehicles need to offload their waste several times on a single shift.

As urban populations grow and waste volumes rise, solving this logistical puzzle becomes increasingly difficult, especially using conventional logistics-planning methods. Many of these traditional approaches are heuristic in nature, which means they are essentially rule-of-thumb. Metaheuristics on the other hand used advanced algorithms based on biological or physical processes. These can efficiently search large sets of possible solutions to find the most viable ones.

The Plant Propagation Algorithm stands out among these tools. It draws its logic from the way strawberry plants reproduce: by sending out runners, some explore nearby soil, others venture further afield, to find ideal growing locations for new plants to grow. This metaphor is converted into a computational search strategy that can balance local and global exploration in the space of potential vehicle routes.

The team created benchmark scenarios using the algorithm and determined performance against criteria such as total distance travelled, fuel usage, the number of vehicles required, and driver working hours. The algorithm was able to generate feasible solutions despite the complexities of urban waste systems anc could handle variable service schedules, diverse waste types, and geographically irregular service zones.

Mat, N.A., Benjamin, A.M., Abdul-Rahman, S., Ku-Mahamud, K.R. and Ramli, M.F. (2025) 'Adaptation of plant propagation algorithm for waste collection vehicle routing problem', Int. J. Applied Decision Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp.383–407.
DOI: 10.1504/IJADS.2025.147250

Research in the International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation has demonstrated that the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of farmers and traders play a central role in determining how much food is lost after harvest in Kenya's bean supply chains. The insights from the research could have an important effect on food security initiatives across Sub-Saharan Africa.

The research, conducted in Kajiado and Kitui counties in Kenya, examined the supply chains serving the country's Home-Grown School Meals Programme (HGSMP), which provides essential nutrition to schoolchildren using locally sourced food. The focus was on common beans, a crop grown by more than three million small-scale farmers in Kenya and a vital source of protein and nutrients in the region.

While food loss in Sub-Saharan Africa is often discussed in terms of inadequate infrastructure or the impact of pests and diseases, this study turns its attention to human behaviour and specifically knowledge, attitudes, and practices. These include basic yet essential actions such as drying beans properly prior to storage, turning grains during drying, and covering them at night to protect from moisture. Each of these practices can make a measurable difference in preserving food quality and quantity.

The study found that farmers who knew and applied good post-harvest practices saw losses reduced by up to 15%. For traders, proper drying techniques led to nearly 30% less spoilage. Even attitudes, such as the willingness to adopt such drying practices, had a significant effect. The evidence suggests that behavioural change, informed by targeted education and training, could have as much impact as technical interventions such as improved storage facilities.

This shift in focus has implications across Sub-Saharan Africa. As governments and development agencies invest in reducing food loss to address hunger and improve food security, this research shows that equal weight must be given to human behaviour as to infrastructure or technology. In contexts where resources are limited, improving what people know and do may offer a more scalable and cost-effective solution than simply ploughing in more money where it is available.

Okumu, C.A., Mburu, J., Mujuka, E., Ambuko, J. and Klug, I.L.F. (2025) 'Knowledge, attitude and practices relevant to food loss reduction along the bean supply chain of the home-grown school meal program in Kajiado and Kitui counties, Kenya', Int. J. Postharvest Technology and Innovation, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.1–24.
DOI: 10.1504/IJPTI.2025.147514

Research in the International Journal of Data Mining and Bioinformatics discusses a new approach to demand forecasting for the pharmaceutical retail sector based on an artificial intelligence model. The findings hold promise for improving accuracy in one of the industry's most persistent logistical challenges: managing sales that swing sharply during promotional periods. The new system works better than traditional models by distinguishing between routine demand and the short-term surges driven by marketing campaigns.

The team has built their forecasting system using a machine-learning framework known as the Temporal Fusion Transformer. This deep-learning model is designed specifically to analyse time-series data, such as daily sales figures or seasonal illness rates. Where conventional systems might smooth over the spikes and troughs in this kind of data, the new model can interpret such fluctuations and offer a more nuanced analysis for more reliable forecasting.

One of the underlying factors leading to this improved approach is the model's use of multivariate feature construction. This method can be used to integrate diverse types of data into a single analytical framework. Rather than relying solely on historical sales figures, the model can use public health trends, seasonal disease prevalence, and promotional calendars. By working with such an enriched dataset, the model can detect complex patterns and anticipate demand with much greater precision.

In addition, the system uses a knowledge-guided attention mechanism. This process allows the system to prioritize the most relevant data depending on the sales scenario. For example, during an outbreak of influenza, the model may focus more heavily on regional health reports, whereas during a promotion, it shifts emphasis toward marketing schedules and in-store behaviour. This flexibility allows it to treat routine and promotional demand as fundamentally distinct processes, and so make better predictions about demand.

The researchers have tested their system on data from over 1.2 million retail transactions. The model reduced forecasting errors by almost a quarter compared to traditional methods. When tested in a commercial setting, it led to an almost one-third improvement in medication stock availability and just over a quarter reduction in excess inventory. Such improvements are not merely operational gains. Both outcomes are central to ensuring access to essential medicines while minimising waste in pharmaceutical supply chains.

Zeng, Z., Guo, Y., Ji, Y., Shi, Y. and Feng, T. (2025) 'Data-driven forecasting of pharmaceutical sales: distinguishing promotional vs. daily scenarios', Int. J. Data Mining and Bioinformatics, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp.1–26.
DOI: 10.1504/IJDMB.2025.147534

A new data-driven technique for obstacle avoidance in autonomous vehicles is reported in the International Journal of Vehicle Design. The approach might overcome many of the longstanding challenges in the development of self-driving navigation.

Obstacle avoidance refers to the ability of a vehicle to detect and manoeuvre around objects in its path. Despite years of development, many systems still struggle with this core capability, often producing inefficient routes, reacting slowly to sudden changes, or failing altogether in complex or unpredictable environments. The new method addresses these shortcomings by integrating advanced data mining and optimization algorithms into the vehicle's navigation process.

The researchers explain that multidimensional data mining is key to their approach. This involves extracting patterns from a wide array of data sources, including visual input from cameras, spatial measurements from LIDAR (light detection and ranging, a laser-based system for mapping distances), location data from GPS (Global Positioning System), and real-time traffic information.

This data is processed using K-means clustering, a machine-learning algorithm that groups similar data points without needing prior labels. The purpose is to allow the vehicle to interpret its surroundings more intelligently, recognizing patterns such as obstacle types, road features, or the movement of nearby objects.

Once the environment is processed, the vehicle builds what researchers call a target function. This is a mathematical model that balances the goals of safety, speed, and efficiency. To optimize this function, the team applies the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), a method inspired by the foraging behaviour of killer wales, Orcinus orca. WOA excels at quickly identifying optimal solutions in complex spaces, making it well suited to the high-speed demands of on-road decision-making.

In their simulations, the team demonstrated an obstacle-avoidance success rate of almost 99 percent, with reaction times as fast as 0.44 seconds. These results represent a marked improvement over many existing techniques, which often require longer processing times and produce less direct or more conservative paths.

Wang, A., Yao, Y. and Shang, Z. (2025) 'An obstacle avoidance path selection for autonomous vehicles based on multi-dimensional data mining', Int. J. Vehicle Design, Vol. 97, No. 5, pp.1–21.
DOI: 10.1504/IJVD.2025.147128

A new approach that might improve the evaluation of college-level English teaching by incorporating a broader range of data sources could address longstanding concerns about the subjectivity of traditional assessment methods. Conventional evaluations often rely predominantly on surveys and test scores, which provide limited insight into the complexities of teaching quality. The new approach, discussed in the International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, instead integrates diverse forms of data, multimodal elements, to produce a more objective appraisal.

Multimodal elements encompass different types of information beyond text, including images and audio recordings related to the teaching process and student feedback. The study's main innovation lies in its use of an advanced computational framework that simultaneously analyses these varied data types, thereby capturing a more complete picture of the teaching environment.

A sophisticated algorithm, known as Cross-modal attention mechanism (CMAM), is used to identify meaningful relationships across modalities. For instance, it can link emotional expressions found in written comments with corresponding tones in audio or facial cues in images. This cross-referencing allows the system to interpret feedback in context, rather than treating each factor in isolation.

To bring information from the different modalities together, the system employs a gating mechanism. This regulates the contribution of each data source, ensuring that the most pertinent details have the most influence on the final evaluation. The combined data is then processed through a Transformer model, a machine-learning system that can understand complex patterns in language and context.

The model then performs sentiment analysis, which automatically detects the emotional tone behind the evaluations, whether positive, negative, or neutral. Unlike basic scoring, this method captures the subtleties of attitudes toward teaching quality, offering a richer understanding of student perspectives. A weighted naïve Bayes algorithm is then applied to come up with an overall evaluation score. Overall, this approach ensures the final assessment reflects not only what is said but also how it is expressed emotionally.

Chen, X. (2025) 'Objective evaluation of English teaching in colleges and universities based on textual analysis in multi-element perspective', Int. J. Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp.11–20.
DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.147135

The Swedish mining industry, previously associated with a relative high accident rate, has seen a notable shift in its approach to safety in recent years. The lessons it has learned may help other high-risk sectors around the world improve their safety record. Research in the International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering has used internal records from six Swedish mining companies to help develop a new framework for evaluating safety performance. The new approach prioritizes everyday safety practices over retrospective accident statistics.

Traditionally, safety performance in mining has been assessed reactively, by counting incidents and injuries. While such metrics are clear and easy to track, they provide a limited view. They tell us what went wrong, but not necessarily what was done to prevent it. The study argues that this reactive model overlooks crucial indicators of risk and resilience, particularly in complex environments where threats may be hidden until a failure occurs. A proactive model is needed.

The proposed framework focuses on the organisational and human systems that shape safety on a daily basis. These include how companies structure safety responsibilities, how they educate their workers and managers, and how they engage employees in identifying and addressing risks. By examining all of these elements, the study suggests, organisations might gain a much clearer picture of their safety readiness, before accidents happen.

Safety management structures and leadership roles are not just bureaucratic arrangements, the researchers assert, they are active mechanisms that influence how risks are perceived and managed on the ground. Effective safety leadership requires clear communication channels, defined responsibilities, and a culture of trust, where employees feel empowered to speak up about unsafe conditions or procedural flaws.

One of the study's central insights is that safety is not purely a technical problem. Rather, it is deeply social. The ability of a company to adapt to new risks, whether posed by emerging technologies or changing work patterns, depends heavily on its internal culture. Do employees feel they have a voice? Is safety treated as a shared responsibility? Are there mechanisms in place to learn from near-misses or unexpected disruptions?

This emphasis on the "social fabric" of safety represents a significant departure from older models that treat safety management as little more than a checklist or compliance exercise. The researchers point out that while social factors are harder to quantify than, whether everyone is wearing their hard-hat and safety boots, they are no less critical. In fact, they are often what determine whether technical measures are followed, or whether they can be adapted quickly under changing conditions.

The study also highlights a broader challenge facing industries that rely on complex technical systems: the detection of latent risks—problems that may not surface until multiple small failures interact in unexpected ways. As mining operations become more automated and digitised, traditional safety metrics struggle to capture these hidden vulnerabilities. In this context, the researchers suggest that companies need more adaptive tools that can account for the dynamic nature of modern work environments.

Nygren, M. and Sundström, E. (2025) 'A framework for safety performance indicators: the case of the Swedish mining industry', Int. J. Mining and Mineral Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp.1–17.
DOI: 10.1504/IJMME.2025.147146

Research in the International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation raises important questions about how auditors communicate complex professional judgements. A team at Shandong University of Finance and Economics in China found that subtle differences in disclosure style can significantly influence perceptions of auditors' diligence and competence.

This study follows recent reforms in international auditing standards: the mandatory inclusion of Critical Audit Matters (CAMs) in audit reports. CAMs are meant to highlight areas of greatest complexity or judgement during an audit, issues requiring scrutiny or posing reconciliation challenges. However, while auditors must describe these matters, current standards don't require them to offer a conclusive evaluation or opinion within CAMs. That decision is left to the auditor's discretion.

Drawing on psychological theory and professional norms, the research explored whether including a conclusive evaluation in CAMs affects how others perceive an auditor's professional care, a core principle involving diligence, prudence, and competence.

Through a controlled experiment with auditors at different career stages, the researchers observed a consistent pattern: CAMs that avoided definitive conclusions were viewed as demonstrating higher professional care. Conversely, including conclusive evaluations, such as stating a complex valuation was sound, was seen, especially by experienced auditors, as a lapse in cautious professionalism.

The explanation lies in social norms theory, which holds that individuals are judged not just on actions, but on how well those actions align with expectations. In auditing, restraint and prudence are valued over assertiveness, particularly amid ambiguity. This preference for discretion is especially strong in China, where indirect expression is a cultural norm.

Experienced auditors appeared particularly attuned to these norms. Their scepticism toward definitive CAMs suggests that professional maturity brings heightened awareness of how even slight deviations from tradition can affect credibility. Novice auditors, less familiar with these unwritten rules, showed milder reactions.

The findings have global implications. They reveal tension between formal standards and informal expectations. While conclusive CAMs are technically allowed, the profession may view them unfavourably. Regulators may need to clarify when such assertiveness is appropriate or best avoided.

For companies, the study highlights the need for technically skilled auditors who also grasp the communicative nuances of their role. As audit quality faces growing scrutiny, how findings are framed may matter as much as the findings themselves.

Han, D. and Guan, Y. (2025) 'Silence is golden? Disclosure of critical audit matters and auditors' perception of due professional care', Int. J. Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp.1–17.
DOI: 10.1504/IJAAPE.2025.147098

A new approach to safety and reliability of intelligent vehicles tackles the challenges caused by actuator failures, sensor anomalies, and unpredictable driving conditions. The work builds on improved fault tolerance, the ability of a system to maintain proper function despite component faults. Details are discussed in the International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems.

Conventional fault-tolerant methods typically rely on static or pre-trained models that do not adjust quickly to sudden failures or rapidly changing environments. To address this, the new research develops a control framework that integrates Just-In-Time Learning (JITL) and Heuristic Dynamic Programming (HDP).

JITL allows the system to create and update lightweight, localized models in real time using continuous data from vehicle sensors such as speed, steering angle, and environmental inputs. This enables rapid fault detection and classification by identifying unusual data patterns indicative of malfunctions.

The HDP system employs a dual-layer optimization structure with evaluation and execution networks. This design adjusts the vehicle's control strategy dynamically to compensate for faults and disturbances such as strong crosswinds or uneven road surfaces. Unlike traditional control methods that focus primarily on resisting faults, the HDP controller balances resilience with responsiveness, leading to smoother and more accurate vehicle trajectory tracking.

In their tests using the widely recognized Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) traffic dataset, the researchers demonstrated notable improvements on previous systems. They were able to reduce lateral tracking errors and heading deviations by 30 to over 50 percent. They were also able to improve control smoothness by a third. The system maintained real-time responsiveness with minimal processing delays, demonstrating its practical viability.

Beyond technical performance, the paper also highlights some of the ethical considerations necessary for autonomous vehicle deployment. Transparency, ensuring automated decisions align with human logic and traffic laws, and accountability, clearly defining the roles of human drivers and automated systems and how they interact. Only by emphasizing such matters can public trust be built, and such vehicles meet regulatory standards.

Sun, Z. (2025) 'Fault-tolerant control of intelligent transportation vehicles based on instant learning and heuristic dynamic planning', Int. J. Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp.21–28.
DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.147145

Research in the International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems has shown how artificial intelligence can be used to make personal recommendations on stopping-off places when one is travelling. The approach could optimise the route one takes and so reduce travel times and fuel consumption if travelling by road, for instance, while at the same time offering surprising and interesting places one might visit that reflect one's individual preferences and practical constraints. The system moves away from conventional travel planning, which typically suggests only the most popular destinations and largely ignores user needs or schedules.

At the centre of the research is a novel method for identifying and ranking points of interest, a term that encompasses landmarks, museums, scenic areas, and other tourist sites. While popularity remains a factor in the algorithm, the new method also accounts for how long visitors usually spend at a location and how these visits fit into a tourist's available travel time. The system can thus generate a travel itinerary that is not only appealing but achievable.

The researchers introduce a "point-of-interest correlation diagram". This tool maps how tourists interact with different attractions over time based on geotagging data from a well-known photo-sharing website. It spots patterns in preferences that go beyond surface-level interest. Then, the algorithm, based on principles from content-based recommendation systems, offers the user potentially the most interesting destinations that will fit their schedule.

In tests, tourist satisfaction with the suggested routes scored well over 90 percent. As mobile apps increasingly replace traditional guidebooks and group tours, travellers are always on the look out for tools that can recommend new places to visit but can also adapt to their behaviour. The present system could help make better use of limited vacation time, improve the quality of experiences, and even ease the pressure on heavily trafficked tourist sites by encouraging exploration of under-visited areas.

Ge, D., Wu, Q. and Lai, Z. (2025) 'Study on intelligent travel route recommendation method based on popularity of interest points', Int. J. Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.83–89.
DOI: 10.1504/IJRIS.2025.146930

Millions of us use social media and online messaging every day. It's convenient but as with every tool, there are risks, such as the threat of crime such as spam and scam messages and phishing attacks that have the potential to cost the victims dearly. Malicious messages disrupt the user experience and pose serious security threats by attempting to steal personal data, distribute malware, and compromise digital systems. Standard detection tools often lag behind the continually evolving tactics employed by attackers, leaving users vulnerable to increasingly sophisticated scams.

Research in the International Journal of Information and Computer Security, introduces a new approach that could improve the detection of spam on digital platforms. Central to the research is the use of a recurrent neural network, which can analyse text, and not only detect patterns but recognise those same patterns when it subsequently encounters them.

The approach also embeds a so-called soft attention mechanism, which enables the neural network to prioritize parts of a message that are most relevant to identifying spam or malicious intent. This mechanism mimics the way humans naturally focus on keywords or suspicious phrases when quickly scanning content.

In addition, the system also uses self-adaptive windowing to detect content drift, where the scammers and spammers continually change the type of language they use to try to avoid detection. The system can through windowing update its learning progressively as new types of spam and scam messages emerge. This avoids the need for complete and frequent reboots, instead the system undergoes on-the-job training. This adaptability, the researchers suggest, is important for maintaining detection accuracy over time.

Tests showed the model could achieve 99.3 percent accuracy, which surpasses traditional methods such as decision trees and even naïve Bayes classifiers. The number of false negatives and false positives was negligible even when the system was tested on realistic, imbalanced datasets, where spam is far less common than legitimate messages, to ensure that it would work well in real-world conditions.

Patil, S.M., Mhatre, S., Dakhare, B. and Chavan, G.T. (2025) 'Prevention of cyber attacks and real-time social media spam detection and sentiment analysis using recurrent self-adaptive windowing approach', Int. J. Information and Computer Security, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.261–284.
DOI: 10.1504/IJICS.2025.146881