International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management (16 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• The Knowledge City and Regional Application of Labour Insurance Supply Management from Big Data Algorithms  
  by Yanhua Wang, Jie Duan, Wei Gu, Jing Duan, Haitao Liu 
  Abstract: This paper investigated the effectiveness of labour insurance supply management in knowledge cities and regional applications through the use of big data (BD) algorithms. It compared the Big Data Algorithm-Based Management (BDAM) model with the traditional rule-based management (RBM) model across key metrics, including efficiency, safety, innovation, sustainability, costs, and resource utilisation. Results indicated that the BDAM model significantly outperformed the RBM model, with higher resource allocation efficiency (16% to 39% vs. 17.54% to 67.71%), superior safety levels (53.49% to 62.10% vs. 29.32% to 36.57%), and better innovation and sustainability scores. Although the BDAM model incurred higher initial costs, it demonstrated cost savings over time, with costs decreasing from 18.95 to 16.25, and maintained higher resource utilisation efficiency (0.737 to 0.810 vs. 0.573 to 0.635). The study emphasised the BDAM models flexibility, scalability, and potential for integration with other smart city components.
  Keywords: big data algorithms; labor insurance supply management; knowledge city; regional applications; resource utilization efficiency.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2027.10071606
   
  
• A Multi-Level Approach for Asymmetric Technological Cooperation  
  by Seyedamirreza Enjavi, Shaban Elahi, Ali Shayan, Esmaeil Mousavi 
  Abstract: Asymmetric technological cooperation (ATC) is crucial for the knowledge-based economy, enabling significant science and technology transfer. This study highlights ATCs importance in public policy and examines various ATC processes and programs, alongside policymakers motivations to intervene. Using meta-synthesis, the research consolidates relevant literature to define a typology of ATC activities and the policies that promote them. The study adopts a multi-level framework niche, regime, and landscape levels to analyse policy measures that facilitate ATC by driving socio-technical system changes. It argues that effective ATC depends on active policymaker involvement to support and manage these systemic transitions. Ultimately, the paper emphasises that policymakers play a vital role in enabling ATC, which is essential for fostering technological progress and sustaining knowledge-based economic growth.
  Keywords: asymmetric technological cooperation; collaboration; facilitation policy; incumbent; startup.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2027.10072399
   
  
• The Application and Optimisation of Extensive Data Analysis in the Evaluation of the Effect of Marketing Strategies on Agricultural Machinery Enterprises  
  by Wei Shen 
  Abstract: Effective decision-making is crucial for business growth, particularly when financial factors are involved. This study employs AI models to analyze the relationship between selected agroeconomic indicators and digital marketing data. It is essential to explain how these metrics influence decision-making. Data was collected from the websites of five leading agricultural companies, where index values were recorded and compiled. Psychological stress and depression assessments were used to explore potential correlations with digital marketing usage. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were applied to establish these connections. Key metrics include advertising traffic sources, business-related expenses (both incurred and avoided), and overall digital engagement. Increasingly, large agricultural firms are being advised to invest in AI and digital marketing tools. These technologies help them better understand employment trends and fluctuations in prices of equipment, medications, and agricultural inputs. As a result, companies can make more informed decisions and develop more effective business strategies.
  Keywords: Agroeconomic indexes; big data; AI; ANN; digital marketing; digital transformation; predictive analytics; agriculture; decision support systems (DSS).
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2027.10073781
   
  
• The Cyber Security Spending Paradox: Unravelling the Enigma of Escalating Threats in the Face of Increased Investment in the USA (2010-2023)  
  by Esra Merve Caliskan  
  Abstract: This study examines the paradoxical relationship between increasing United States of America (USA) cybersecurity investment and rising cyberattacks from 20102023. Despite over $20 billion in cybersecurity spending, attack frequency and complexity continue escalating. Through mixed-methods analysis utilising comprehensive statistical techniques, including time-series decomposition, correlation analysis, and regression modeling with gross domestic product (GDP), internet usage, and technological advancement controls, this research reveals that traditional reactive spending strategies, asymmetric offence-defence dynamics, and inadequate measurement frameworks better explain this paradox than simple investment ineffectiveness. Using official data from Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), FBI IC3 (Federal Bureau of Investigation Internet Crime Complaint Center), and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the analysis demonstrates that spending-security relationships are more complex than previously understood. Traditional security models prove insufficient against current threats. The study advocates for fundamental policy shifts toward adaptive, intelligence-driven approaches prioritising proactive defence, cross-sector coordination, and dynamic resource allocation, urging radical cybersecurity strategy reassessment.
  Keywords: cyber security; policy making; security budget; national security; USA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2027.10074063
   
  
• The Role of Government Policy in Accelerating Technology-Driven Economic Growth  
  by Jing Chang 
  Abstract: The economy of cities could grow if the government made it easy for businesses to go digital. This will help cities grow better by giving politicians more information. A big reason why towns economies do well in the long run is that businesses are becoming more digital. The purpose of the study is to find out if making the government digital really does make businesses more likely to go digital, which helps urban economies grow. This is done with information from A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2022 and information made by the urban big data administration office. Most studies show that when the government goes digital, it speeds up the digital change of businesses by a lot. The variety study shows that the policies of a country can be different depending on its location, the type of government it has, and the speed at which its economy grows.
  Keywords: digital government; digital transformation; urban business environment; information search costs; urban economic sustainable development.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2027.10074276
   
  
• Evaluation of Renewable Energy Investment under the Mixed Policy Scenario of Carbon Trading and Green Certificate Trading  
  by Qian Cao 
  Abstract: Against the backdrop of Chinas dual carbon goals and energy transition, renewable energy (RE) investment is crucial. This study examines the combined effect of Chinas carbon trading (CT) and green certificate trading (GCT) policies on promoting RE investment. Using utility analysis, cost-benefit assessment, and sensitivity analysis, it quantifies economic and environmental benefits and tests policy flexibility. Granger causality tests and Pearson correlation coefficients identify time-lagged impacts and variable relationships. Results show policy incentives, market demand, and technological innovation significantly boost RE generation, while CT and GCT prices directly affect investment returns. In one regional case, post-policy economic benefits rose from 3.5 to 4.1 million yuan, while CO emissions dropped from 530,000 to 400,000 tons. Granger tests confirmed CT and GCT prices significantly influence RE output with a time lag. The study concludes that policy incentives and market mechanisms are essential for advancing renewable energy.
  Keywords: Carbon trading; Mixed policies; Renewable energy; Investment effects; Green certificate trading.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10074723
   
  
• The Integration of Network Security Protocols into Corporate Governance and Risk Management Practices  
  by Qinqing Weng, Haoheng Tian, Xia Sun, Lijia Huang 
  Abstract: Information transmitted over a network must be secured. Protocols, which are sets of rules and systems, ensure secure communication by defining how to connect, transmit, and receive data. Initially, these protocols aimed to prevent unauthorised access and tampering by malicious actors. As hackers evolved, so did security measures. This section presents a theoretical approach to risk analysis based on risk profiles, helping decision-makers balance security costs against potential threats. A control measure should not be implemented if its cost exceeds the current risk. Both subjective and objective weights are considered, along with uncertainty measures. These are used to calculate final evaluation weights. The Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory and pignistic probability transformation (PPT) are then applied to assess network risk levels. Two case studies demonstrate the method’s effectiveness. This dual-weighted risk assessment supports informed decision-making and provides a comprehensive view of network security.
  Keywords: Network security; Corporate Governance; Risk Management Practices; decision-making.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10074727
   
  
• Cognitive Dissonance and Online Consumer Behaviour: A Bibliometric-Scientific Analysis and Future Directions  
  by Meenakshi Devi, Ganesh Dash, Gangwar P. Veer, Majed Helmi 
  Abstract: The present study reviews existing literature on cognitive dissonance and online consumers, using bibliometric analysis to summarise several studies in a single paper. This analysis identifies future directions and offers insight into the fields development and advancement. A bibliometric evaluation was conducted to understand the rapid growth of scientific research, identifying the most-discussed topics and those that warrant further investigation. Using the Scopus database, 234 relevant publications from 2000 to 2024 were selected. It was then evaluated using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer software to identify significant authors, studies, journals, emerging themes, and keywords in the domains of cognitive dissonance and online consumer behaviour. Results showed an increasing trend in publications, indicating significant advancements in the field of study. The analysis combines the findings from existing studies, helps develop a conceptual model, and identifies research themes or gaps that need further investigation.
  Keywords: Cognitive Dissonance; Online Consumer Behavior; Purchase Intention; Online Buying; E-commerce; Bibliometric Analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10074798
   
  
• Space Sustainability and Resilience: A Policy Perspective for Emerging Technologies  
  by Alper Oren 
  Abstract: The exponential growth of space activities, driven by commercial expansion, mega-constellations, and geopolitical rivalries, has created critical sustainability and resilience challenges in global space governance. Current regulatory frameworks, including the Outer Space Treaty and voluntary initiatives, inadequately address orbital congestion, space debris, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This study examines governance gaps and the potential of Emerging and Disruptive Technologies AI, blockchain, and quantum computing in enhancing sustainability. While AI improves space situational awareness, it raises liability concerns. Blockchain offers regulatory transparency but lacks mandates. Quantum communications bolster security but risk monopolisation. The paper proposes a multi-tiered policy framework integrating binding regulations, economic incentives, and multilateral cooperation. It advocates for enforceable space traffic management, private-sector engagement, and inclusive governance to ensure long-term stability, security, and equitable access. The findings offer actionable recommendations for stakeholders to align innovation with responsible governance in this decisive decade.
  Keywords: Space Sustainability; Resilience in Space Governance; Emerging and Disruptive Technologies; Space Traffic Management; Orbital Congestion and Debris Mitigation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10074836
   
  
• Creating Awareness of Intellectual Property Rights as an Entrepreneurship Capacity-Building Program. What Promotes the Growth of Sustainable Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Behavioural Intentions of an IP Professional?  
  by Satya Ranjan Acharya, Yamini Chandra 
  Abstract: This study analyses the impact of two flagship online intellectual property rights (IPR) certification programs Nurturing Innovation and Startup Ecosystem (NISE) and Comprehensive Online Intellectual Property Rights Certificate Course (COIPRc) launched by i-Hub, an initiative of the Student Startup Innovation Policy (SSIP), Government of Gujarat, India. Using preand- post-training data, the study evaluates participants knowledge, managerial skills, attitudes, and behavioural intentions toward IPR management. Findings indicate that behavioural intention is the strongest factor influencing IP professionals competencies. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and educators in strengthening entrepreneurial ecosystems through IPR-focused capacity-building programs. Future studies are recommended for broader analysis
  Keywords: entrepreneurship capacity-building; intellectual property rights; sustainable development; technology commercialization.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10075022
   
  
• The Impact of Tariffs on the Mexican Agroindustry: a Conceptual Analysis Amidst the Uncertain U.S. Trade Policy  
  by Francisco Preciado-Álvarez, Fabian Ojeda-Pérez 
  Abstract: This study analyses the impact of U.S. tariff policy on the Mexican agroindustry from a theoretical and conceptual perspective. A qualitative methodology was employed, based on a literature review and prospective scenario analysis using international trade models. The research follows an exploratory and documentary design, evaluating the sector's competitiveness, investment, and stability under different tariff regimes. The results indicate that trade uncertainty discourages investment and affects employment in rural regions. Three scenarios were identified: trade liberalisation, extreme protectionism, and permanent uncertainty. As a limitation, the study lacks recent empirical data, highlighting the need for future research. It is concluded that market diversification and trade stability are key to mitigating the negative effects of tariff barriers.
  Keywords: tariff policy; international trade; agroindustry; protectionism; trade uncertainty.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10075475
   
  
• Project Evaluation Practices, Learning and Collaborative Organisation Culture and Firm Growth of Technology Start-Ups: Evidence from Developing Economies  
  by Osman Light, Agyapong Daniel, Edmond Yeboah Nyamah, GLORIA K.Q. AGYAPONG, Evelyn Lamisi Asuah 
  Abstract: This study investigated how learning and collaborative organisational culture moderates the relationship between evaluation practices and firm growth among technology start-ups in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. Grounded in the Theory of Change and Scheins Theory of Organisational Culture, data were collected from 304 owner-managers of tech start-ups across these four countries. Data processing utilised SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS version 3, with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) as the main analytical tool. The findings reveal that tech start-up growth in Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa is significantly influenced by both formative and summative evaluations, with learning organisational culture playing a crucial role in shaping these impacts. Specifically, a culture that emphasises continuous learning, openness to new ideas, developmental support, collaboration, and regular feedback greatly enhances the effectiveness of formative evaluation, promoting adaptive and progressive growth. Therefore, fostering a culture that prioritises learning and collaboration is essential for maximising the benefits of evaluations and achieving sustainable growth in tech start-ups.
  Keywords: formative evaluation; organizational culture; summative evaluation; technology start-up growth.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10075476
   
  
• Taxing Digital Assets in Emerging Economies: a Lesson from a Systematic Literature Review  
  by Nidya Hapsari, Haula Rosdiana, Maria Tambunan 
  Abstract: Digital assets, currently narrowed down to cryptographic digital financial assets (DFAs), bring significant trading volume and technological innovation. Considering the risks and benefits of their rapid growth, this study aims to outline the urgencies of governments in emerging economies for regulating and taxing DFA transactions and identify which DFAs should be prioritised. Employing the systematic literature reviews (SLRs) method and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) on 529 peer-reviewed papers published during 20192024, the study concluded that, first, the main rationale for emerging middle-income countries to regulate DFAs was to reduce uncertainties due to DFAs transaction nature, rather than optimising their potential benefits. Second, cryptocurrencies were the most popular DFAs in research interests and trading demand. Third, taxation primarily responded to DFAs opportunities and threats through its future sustainability role. Therefore, governments should build a legal framework, straightforward taxonomy and well-articulated guidelines on cryptocurrency taxation.
  Keywords: digital assets; digital financial assets; cryptocurrency tax; emerging economies; systematic literature reviews; SLR; PRISMA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10075738
   
  
• Does Artificial Intelligence Promote the Synergistic Construction of Low-Carbon Cities and Smart Cities  
  by Yanyun Chen, Hongzhou Xie, Kun Liao, Ke Ke 
  Abstract: Based on the instrumental variables method and panel regression model, this paper explores the relationship between AI and smart low-carbon cities using Chinese provincial panel data from 2015-2022, and finds that AI has a significant enhancement effect on the construction of low-carbon cities and smart cities, a conclusion supported in both the benchmark regression and 2SLS results and held true after multiple robustness tests. Additionally, in the mechanism test, the level of informatisation and the labour market respectively play a mediating role in the relationship between AI and low-carbon cities as well as in the relationship between AI and smart cities. Moreover, regressing AI indicators on the cross-multiplier terms of low-carbon cities and smart cities proves that AI has a positive impact on the synergistic construction of low-carbon cities and smart cities.
  Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Smart City; Low-Carbon City; Synergistic Construction.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10075750
   
  
• Low-carbon Tourism Carbon Emission Prediction Based on LightGBM and Model Interpreter Integration  
  by Na Zheng 
  Abstract: As climate change concerns grow, the tourism industry faces serious carbon emission challenges, especially with urbanisation and rising consumption. Emissions from transportation, accommodation, and cultural activities significantly impact the environment. This study proposes a hybrid model combining light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), optimised using improved particle swarm optimisation (IPSO) and the STIRPAT model. The approach integrates multivariable data to enhance prediction and environmental impact analysis. Experimental results show the model achieves a prediction accuracy of 0.98 and reduces RMSE to 0.13, outperforming traditional XGBoost (RMSE 0.38). Ridge regression coefficients (0.550.15) explain the influence of factors on emissions. This hybrid model improves prediction performance and supports carbon management and energy efficiency in tourism. Accurate forecasts enable industries to formulate low-carbon strategies, support sustainable growth, and provide a scientific basis for policymakers, promoting the development of green and sustainable tourism.
  Keywords: Light gradient boosting machine; Local interpretable model-agnostic explanations; Low-carbon tourism; Carbon emission prediction; STIRPAT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2027.10075918
   
  
• Smart Regions for Leveraging Digital Infrastructure for Regional Competitiveness: a State of the Art  
  by Paulo Simoes, Carlos Jeronimo, Leandro Pereira, Joaquim Caeiro 
  Abstract: The concept of smart regions, leveraging digital technologies to boost economic competitiveness and quality of life, has become prominent globally. Integrating digital innovations with strategic regional planning, smart regions aim for enhanced sustainability, socio-economic development, and innovation. This study systematically reviews 252 publications from Scopus and Web of Science (January 2000November 2024), employing content and bibliometric analyses to identify themes and trends. Findings reveal smart regions predominantly utilise information and communication technologies (ICT), Internet of Things (IoT), and smart governance to enhance regional innovation. Nevertheless, success depends heavily on effective digital technology integration within strategic regional development. The study highlights the need to examine long-term effects on sustainability and economic resilience. Further research should investigate cultural and behavioural factors influencing technology adoption and compare successful vs. unsuccessful smart region initiatives to identify critical determinants Understanding these aspects will support tailored strategies, enhancing the sustainability, effectiveness, and resilience of future smart regional development efforts.
  Keywords: Smart regions; Smart cities; regional innovation; regional competitiveness.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.10075919