International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning (27 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Inservice teachers beliefs about educational robotics in preschool classroom  
  by Stamatios Papadakis 
  Abstract: Children today live in a digital world that is evolving with technological advances and innovative technologies. Governments and policymakers around the globe are becoming interested in how to effectively bridge technology and economic prosperity as a driver for transforming teaching and learning through digital education. In early childhood education especially, educational robotics is a type of technology that is more suited than other tools. The reason is that robots have appealing features and functions keeping childrens attention, improving their performance, concentration, cognitive flexibility among others. But any effort to facilitate educational robotics in school settings must necessarily consider the role of the teachers, who are called to realize the goals specified by national curricula and educational programs. This study is designed to investigate Greek teachers' beliefs of using educational robotics technology, as well as key issues to consider for the future establishment of these technologies in the preschool classroom.
  Keywords: Educational robotics; Preschool Education; In-service teachers; Kindergarten; Beliefs; Perceptions; Computational Thinking; Coding; STEM.
  
  
• COVID-19 Pandemic: How can the Lessons Learnt Contribute to the Digital Transformation of Schools of Tomorrow?  
  by Emmanuel Kolog, Sulemana Bankuoru Egala, Rapheal Amponsah, Samuel Nii Odoi Devine, Erkki Sutinen 
  Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic may have had less effect on the lives of people in the global south, but its negative impact on the society is massive, especially in the area of education. To help manage the pandemic, social gatherings and other related activities, such as schools, are halted. While few schools in the global south have managed to continue their academic activities, the majority of the schools have struggled to migrate their teaching online. This situation highlights the fact that the perceived diffusion and available potential of educational technologies was scarcely used for the intended purpose as many students and staff have struggled to cope. This study critically reviews literature on Covid-19 pandemic from diverse information sources. These sources include research articles and other sources from World Health Organisation and public media platforms. The analysis of the disruption that the pandemic has caused identifies and manifest the latent use of digital technologies in the educational arena. Guidelines and solutions for rethinking the schools of tomorrow are proposed. Policymakers and educational practitioners could make use of the proposed guidelines for transformative digital initiatives of the schools of tomorrow in the Global south.
  Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic; Digital transformation; Schools in the Global South; teaching and learning; Virtual learning.
  
  
• Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education in North Macedonia during the COVID-19 Pandemics: A Survey of Student Satisfaction and Gender-Related Anxiety  
  by Jusuf Zeqiri, Veronika Kareva, Sadri Alija, Mirjana Peji? Bach 
  Abstract: AbstractrnBackground: Many challenges have occurred from the rapid shift of university functioning to the online mode due to the pandemics.rnAim: This paper aimed to analyze the factors that mostly influence student satisfaction from online learning. Another specific aim was to identify the factors that cause student anxiety with online teaching and learning. Satisfied students appear to be more engaged, motivated, and responsive and achieve better results. On the other hand, anxiety has negative effects on student performance. In order to get the data, a structured questionnaire was sent to undergraduate students from the South East European University (SEEU) in North Macedonia, and 241 valid questionnaires were received. rnMethods: The study used IBM AMOS 20 for carrying an SEM analysis and SPSS 20 for analyzing the descriptive statistics. rnResults: The findings showed that building student-teacher relationships was not considered a factor of satisfaction, but student-teacher interaction, student engagement, and the use of technology showed a positive influence on student satisfaction. Moreover, the findings showed that gender moderates the relationship between the use of technology and student satisfaction. The path coefficient of technology for female students contributed less to student satisfaction. Conclusions: Therefore, the level of anxiety was higher among female students concerning the use of technology. Results are expected to shed more light on the areas that should receive greater focus and attention while delivering online courses. rn
  Keywords: Student Satisfaction; Gender; Anxiety; COVID-19; Pandemics.
  
  
• Embodied Learning via Tangible User Interfaces: The Impact of Physical Interaction on Learning Performance  
  by Neila Chettaoui, Ayman Atia, Med. Salim Bouhlel 
  Abstract: Tangible user interfaces have been introduced as a form of Human-Computer Interaction to promote embodied learning pedagogy. This interaction modality offers the possibility to support students cognitive development through manipulating objects in the social and physical environment of the classroom. This article presents a study of tangible user interfaces supporting children (aged 9 to 11) while learning of the solar system concepts. A controlled study was performed at a primary school with eighteen participants to evaluate the educational potential of manipulating abstract concepts in the physical world, compared to tablet-based learning. The results highlighted a significant difference in terms of the learning performance between both groups, as determined by one-way ANOVA (F (1,16) = 4.49, p =.033), in favour of the tangible user interfaces. These findings draw some implications for the adoption of the tangible interaction to extend embodied learning pedagogy and cognitive development of children.
  Keywords: Tangible user interfaces; Human-Computer interaction; physical interaction; embodied learning pedagogy; learning performance.
  
  
• Bridging gaps in distance learning during a pandemic: exploratory questionnaire based analysis in Jordan during COVID-19 lockdown  
  by Rana Abu-Huwaij, Enas Khader, Sanaa Gharaibeh, Iman Khalil 
  Abstract: During the second semester of the 2019/2020 academic year, universities and schools around the world switched to distance learning to comply with the strict lock-down conditions and assure the safety of staff and students. Thus a structured self-administered questionnaire was used on an undergraduate sample of students (n = 573) enrolled in the Faculty of Pharmacy at one of the top private universities in Jordan. It aimed to measure the students general attitudes, perceptions and obstacles witnessed during that period. The results indicate the need for implementation of a sustainability plan to assure the levels of quality in the program, by offering more proactive strategies that ensure the fairness of online assessments, and online students affairs office, which will provide positive reinforcement to junior students and allow online academic counselling sessions that are focused on problem solving and emotional health which will in-turn stimulate quality distance learning practices.
  Keywords: distance learning; students’ satisfaction; questionnaire; Covid-19 lockdown.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2021.10038669
   
  
• Development of online program for high school students on the development of engineering competencies using FDM 3D printing technology and design of electronic devices  
  by Peter Ukhov, Anatoly Ryapukhin 
  Abstract: The paper proposes the structure of a typical training program for implementation in online format with the inclusion of independent engineering work of a student on the basis of a home laboratory. Recommendations for home laboratory equipment are made based on inexpensive components and devices readily available on the market. Preliminary assessment of the economic efficiency of such programs implemented in the online format has been made. It is assumed that in accordance with the development of technology, we will increasingly see the appearance of such programs on the market. Some conclusions are made that at the moment the implementation of such programs is impossible without mentoring support from enterprises and organisations leading the design and development of high-tech products.
  Keywords: distance education; online education; online courses; FDM; 3D printing; 3D design; CAD; STEM; CDIO; home laboratory; project method.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2021.10039136
   
  
• Evaluation of physiotherapy students' attitudes and engagement with social networking and eLearning systems: implications for education and training  
  by Garyfallia Pepera, Zacharias Dimitriadis, Varsamo Antoniou, Nikolaos Strimpakos, Eleni Kapreli 
  Abstract: Social Networking Sites (SNSs) use increase tremendously among university students, creating at the same time second thoughts and opportunities for their use. This study explored, for the first time, the impact of Social Networking Sites and eLearning platform (eClass) on the education and academic life of Greek students. An online 35-statement questionnaire was administered to 330 undergraduate students of the Physiotherapy Department at the University of Thessaly. Demographic data, nature of SNSs, their application into education, and the use of e-Learning platform (eClass) were collected and analyzed. The results revealed the high familiarity of university students with SNSs, the acknowledgment of the potential negative effects of their excessive use and their importance for communication and education purposes, proposing reforms that would embed the use of social media in teaching and learning pedagogies across academic disciplines.
  Keywords: healthcare education; social networking; eLearning systems; physiotherapy students; eClass; social media; evaluation; education; training; eLearning platform.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2021.10043467
   
  
• Online learning: a stakeholders analysis using structural equation modelling  
  by Manoj Panwar, Ramesh Kumar Garg 
  Abstract: The overall evaluation of any system requires an evaluation of all the components of that system. Administration, teachers, students, infrastructure, online platforms and pedagogy are the components of the online education system. The existing studies lack consideration of all such components of online education and specifically from teachers perspectives. An instrument considering all components of the online education system was developed. A total of 1390 responses from teachers of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of India were received through online surveys. The instrument is reliable with RMSEA (0.056),X2 (3.819) and stands at higher than 0.90 goodness-of-fit on various indices. Hypotheses were tested on 32 variables and 903 valid responses using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and Multiple Regression Analysis. The analysis established that the factors, i.e., teachers commitment and benefit to teachers, are significantly correlated. Administrative support has a positive impact on benefit to teachers. The factors students sustainable engagement, benefit to teachers and technical resources have a significant and positive influence on the overall rating of online education. The findings will also provide an opportunity to convince, motivate, and inspire the students and the teachers to adopt an online education in the post-COVID usual scenario.
  Keywords: e-learning; online education; stakeholder’s analysis; structural equation modelling; multiple regression; teachers’ perception.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2021.10038440
   
  
• A framework for the university performance assessment: some insights on innovation, technology and entrepreneurship  
  by Khaula Alkaabi, Veland Ramadani 
  Abstract: The importance of developing a good entrepreneurship and innovation environment in universities is highlighted by the fact that education is a critical factor in economic growth. This research examines the main factors that contribute to the development of an innovation ecosystem in universities, measures university performance in terms of innovation, technology and entrepreneurship and identifies the strength and areas of improvement of university system about these issues. More specifically, this study compared and analysed several parameters, such as scientific and technological research capability, intellectual property records, collaboration and communication, entrepreneurship and innovation culture, economic influence and commercialisation, to identify the essential factor for promoting entrepreneurship and innovation educational techniques in universities by using fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method. The findings reveal that the number of university-industry partnership projects has relatively higher weightage than other parameters, suggesting the importance of industry collaboration in the development of universities innovation, technology and entrepreneurship ecosystems.
  Keywords: Innovation; technology; entrepreneurship; fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making; university performance assessment; industry collaboration.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2021.10041579
   
  
• Tracking English Language Learners Progress through a Gamified Social Visualization Tool to Increase Motivation and Performance  
  by Wala Bagunaid, Maram Meccawy, Zilal Meccawy, Arwa Allinjawi 
  Abstract: Students need to monitor their progress constantly to improve their performance, and with large classes at university level education, both online and offline, most instructors are not able to provide individual students with progress reports other than separate assignments or exam results. Some e-learning systems track students progress; however, these traditional personalized e-learning systems hide students data; thus, students are not provided with the full picture of their progress and are unable to position themselves among their peers. This research aims to introduce a way to track English language learners progress through an interactive gamified social visualization tool in the form of a car race game without jeopardising student privacy or hiding crucial progress information. The results of this study showed that social comparison of students progress and the gamification aspects of the tool made students more engaged and motivated to win the race, which affected their academic performance positively.
  Keywords: Personalization; User Modelling; Open Social Student Modelling; Social Visualization; Motivation; Gamification; English language learners; KAU.
  
  
• Online role-play in feature film clips: A personalised experiential foreign language learning tool  
  by Catherine Kanellopoulou, Andreas Giannakoulopoulos 
  Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experiment involving 101 teenage students of English, all Greek native speakers. It briefly discusses the studys theoretical background, focusing on role-play and film dubbing as a personalised experiential activity and presents the findings regarding foreign language vocabulary acquisition with the use of a novel dubbing application. This application made use of a feature film clip, which was incorporated into an online multimedia platform. The experimental group participants dubbed the central character of the film clip in English (L2) and took a delayed post-test on specific lexical items from the film script. The results are quite promising regarding long-term vocabulary recall, as well as its use in new contexts. The experimental group outperformed the control group with statistically significant results in most cases, which indicates that this novel activity is worth investigating further so that its potential can be fully exploited.
  Keywords: role-play; foreign language vocabulary acquisition; long-term vocabulary retention; experiential learning; film dubbing.
  
  
• Moving from lecturer to student-led digital assessment and feedback  
  by Diogo Casanova, Graham Alsop, Isabel Huet 
  Abstract: In this study, we provide insight into how digital assessment and feedback systems should be designed to promote student-led learning experiences. The study aims to answer the question: How can digital assessment and feedback systems better serve the purpose of improving the students learning experience in HE? We conducted 10 focus groups with 58 lecturers in which, using a storytelling technique and mockups of a digital assessment and feedback system, we discussed and critique a scenario aiming at collecting lecturers
  Keywords: Feedback literacy; Pedagogical issues; Post-secondary education; Digital assessment and Feedback; Learning Management Systems; Student-centred assessment.
  
  
• The impact of sudden forced-migration to the online world during COVID-19 pandemic on teachers' burnout  
  by Atef Abuhmaid 
  Abstract: As the COVID-19 crisis spread around the world by early 2020, countries, institutions, and individuals worldwide had to respond swiftly to the pandemic. In Jordan, all teachers were required to resume teaching online from home during the second semester of the scholastic year 2019/2020. Due to various stressful issues associated with the fundamental and sudden shift to online teaching, teachers were expected to experience burnout which usually impacts professional and personal lives of teachers. The current study examined the impact of certain variables (sex, age, marital status, type of school, and stage) on teachers' burnout levels during the lockdown of COVID-19. The study investigated the three burnout domains (Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal accomplishment) based on Maslach Burnout Inventory 22-items which was administered online to a stratified random sample of (3162) teachers from all regions of Jordan. The results showed that online teaching resulted in teachers' high to moderate levels of burnout in the three domains of burnout during COVID-19 lockdown. Overall male, older, married, governmental, and secondary schools teachers reported higher levels of burnout in the three domains than the other teachers.
  Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown; teacher burnout; Jordanian teachers; disrupted education; online teaching.
  
  
• Moving from face-to-face to online learning in a week due to the COVID-19 pandemic: Higher education students perceptions  
  by Stelios Xinogalos 
  Abstract: Online learning has attracted the interest of researchers and practitioners for decades. Various advantages, challenges and factors affecting the effectiveness of online learning have been reported. However, these findings have been recorded under ideal circumstances and not extraordinary situations, such as the one imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, the results of a survey on the perceptions of higher education students regarding the emergent transition to online learning are quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Students evaluated positively the quality, organization and presentation of synchronous online courses, but they were divided as to whether their quality is equivalent to that of face-to-face courses. The most prominent problems refer to the quality of Internet connection, lack of appropriate infrastructure especially for online lab courses, lower quality communication and interaction and a difficulty in keeping concentrated on the course. Despite these issues, instructors and students embraced successfully the solution of online learning.
  Keywords: online learning; face-to-face learning; Informatics; CS labs; COVID-19 pandemic; higher education.
  
  
• The Professional Practices of Travel Journalists on Instagram: A Generic Qualitative Study  
  by Tatiana Harkiolakis, Katerina Diamantaki 
  Abstract: There is a noted lack of research regarding how journalists use Instagram. This study attempts to address this gap by investigating travel journalists perceptions of how the emergence of Instagram as a social media platform has changed their professional journalism practices. Utilising semistructured interviews with a sample of travel journalists with professional Instagram accounts, the findings suggest that Instagram offers new opportunities for forging social and professional networks and acts as a useful tool for research, sourcing, and trend-watching. At the same time, travel journalists continue to negotiate how to construct an authentic identity on Instagram, attract wider followership, and compete with the output of amateur content producers. Study results contribute to emerging research on how journalists use Instagram and how travel journalists use social media.
  Keywords: Journalism; Instagram; Travel journalism; Social media; Professional practices.
  
  
• DIGITIZING EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM COVID-19  
  by Blessing Olanrewaju, Joshua Afolabi 
  Abstract: The sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dealt a great blow on the global educational sector, given the ill-preparedness of most countries to leverage digitization. This study x-rayed the performance of the Nigerian educational sector and its response to COVID-19 pandemic with a view to underscoring the imperativeness of digitizing education to forestall future shocks. The findings revealed the unimpressive performance of the Nigerian educational sector as learning came to a screeching halt during the pandemic, given the pervasive infrastructural deficits in the sector. Further result showed that Nigerian graduates are likely to face non-employability unless strategic steps are taken to expose them to digitization, which the modern world of work requires. It, therefore, becomes pertinent to increase the budgetary allocation to the sector to bridge its infrastructural gaps. This would help Nigeria catch-up with global best practices in education and set the pace for improved educational service delivery in Africa.
  Keywords: Digitization; Educational Sector; COVID-19; Global Competitiveness; Nigeria.
  
  
• Development of ? remote learning system in higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation: from local practice to integration into the  
  by Tatyana Alexandrova, Irina Bulgakova, Viktor Popov, Mikhail Gorodilov, Yulia Vertakova 
  Abstract: The experience of remote learning during the pandemic COVID-19 significantly accelerated the process of digitalization of the higher education in Russia and intensified preparations for the transition to a model of of the Digital University. However, even those educational institutions that successfully applied remote technologies in the educational process faced the problem of effectively managing the entire remote learning system. The aim of the study is to identify the management potential of remote learning at universities in Russia from the point of view of the methodology of active management systems. Models of the remote learning system in institutions of higher education relevant for different stages of development have been created; recommendations are made to integrate the proposed models into the Digital University model. Research results contribute to the development of the theory and practice of active management systems in terms of modeling remote learning in institutions of higher education.
  Keywords: digital economy; higher education; Russian universities; COVID-19 pandemic; students; teachers; managers; active management systems; remote learning system; stages of development of the remote learning system; Digital University model.
  
  
• Effectiveness of Teaching Aids in Learning Mathematics  
  by Nurulaida Rezli, Seuk Yen Phoong 
  Abstract: This study aims to design a teaching aid, namely Integer Operating Board, and then test the usability of this teaching aid in learning the topic of Integer for secondary school students. The teaching aid was built by using the Design and Development Research (DDR) approach based on the ADDIE model. A total of 93 pre-service Mathematics teachers are selected as the sample respondents. Descriptive statistics is used to measure the demographic respondents and mean score is used to evaluate the level of acceptance on the usability of teaching aid built. The findings indicate that there is a positive effect on the acceptance and perception of the pre-service teachers on the development of teaching aid. This can be concluded that the use of teaching aid can improve the quality of learning, attract students interest and able to deliver the content of that topic easily.
  Keywords: Teaching Aid; Mathematics; Design and Development Research; ADDIE model; Pre-service Teacher.
  
  
• Brain-compatible courseware impact on learning computer programming  
  by Elaheh Badiee, Mohammad Reza Nili, Yasamin Abedini 
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of brain-compatible courseware on students learning achievement and retention in computer programming course. In this quasi-experimental study, 60 eleventh grade female students in computer vocational schools were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group of 20 each. The control group was taught in the conventional method. The first experimental group used the researcher-made brain-compatible courseware and the second experimental group used the non-brain-compatible courseware. A researcher-made programming test was conducted as the pre-test, post-test, and retention test. The results of the ANCOVA test indicate that using the brain-compatible courseware significantly improves the students learning achievement and retention compared to the second experimental and control group students (P<0.05). It is inferred that the use of brain-compatible courseware is more effective than the use of non-brain-compatible courseware and the conventional method.
  Keywords: brain-based learning; courseware; learning; retention; computer programming; visual basic.
  
  
• Reforms and Applications of Online Practice Teaching in the field of New Engineering  
  by Lida Zhu 
  Abstract: Practice teaching is an effective way for students to consolidate their theoretical knowledge and is also a significant module of talent training models used in higher education. Recently, offline practice teaching has faced limitations of space and time, which, online practice teaching, as a supplement to the offline teaching, is an innovative exploration of traditional practice teaching ideas. Such ideas are actively promoted through the extensive integration of information technology and education and a scientific approach using related research results as feedback to create new teaching resources. This simulation platform facilitates the quality and efficiency of the training operations and delineates its applications on machines and engineering equipment. Moreover, students in-depth knowledge gained through this platform further enhances their ability to practice using innovative ideas. Overall, the study aims to contribute to broadening the horizons for and enhancing the quality of online practice teaching.
  Keywords: New Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Online Practice teaching; Teaching Reform.
  
  
• Students experience of peer-interaction in a blended learning course at a South African Higher Education Institution  
  by Kimera Moodley, Mari Van Wyk, Eugenie Wolff, Ankie Robberts 
  Abstract: An investigation of students experiences of peer-interaction in a blended learning eLearning course was conducted. In order to understand, evaluate and improve student experience of peer interactions, four learning facilitators revised the course, to align with current instructional design best practices which included a fair amount of peer interaction. In this qualitative study, the activities were designed using a constructionist approach and structured to increase student engagement with content and peers including frequent collaborative group-work activities. For most students, this was the first time that they were exposed to a blended classroom which required students to make use of teaching and learning technology tools to investigate eLearning content, and design and develop 4 artefacts online while presenting findings and assessing the products and performance of their peers in contact sessions. The findings mitigate the importance of course design, peer assessment, and group work activities that impact student experiences of peer interaction.
  Keywords: Blended learning; peer-interaction; course design; group work; peer assessment.
  
  
• ICT Complement for Supporting Flute Study at Home  
  by Paloma Bravo, Iván González, Jose Bravo 
  Abstract: Many countries propose flute studies at primary school. Usually, students have only one class per week which is an inconvenient for teachers to pay attention individually. Another additional problem is that, after lessons, students have to practice alone at home. Thus, the responsibility for progress lies almost entirely with the learner. This paper proposes a digital tool as a complement to alleviate both problems. The app provides listening tool, music scores view, recording learner performances and offer feedback about student mistakes during their performances. Finally, the student evolution is sent to the teacher in an adequate manner, trying to achieve more effective each class by combating the individuality.
  Keywords: Music Education; ICT Methodology for Learning Flute; Melodic Similarity.
  
  
• Impact and success factors of online education methods at university level in times of Covid-19  
  by Anahi Ibanez, Augustinus Van Der Krogt, Michael Neubert 
  Abstract: The drastic changes that Covid-19 has brought along includes the necessity to introduce new forms of online university education. This article compares the impact of the change from face-to-face to on-line classes on student performance and satisfaction and identifies key success factors for effective on-line teaching. The study is based on the comparison of 34 face-to-face and online courses in 2019 and 2020 among 416 students of the 1e to 4e year from the degree programs of the Faculty of Business Sciences of the German Paraguayan University in Paraguay. The study provides a methodology to identify and measure the success factors for an effective change to online education and provides practical lessons learned on the effective integration of digital tools in the teaching and learning process, relevant for other universities in developing and developed countries alike.
  Keywords: online education; synchronous and asynchronous teaching; teaching and learning processes; pedagogical training; digital training; competence-based learning;.
  
  
• Prosodic characterization of children's Filipino read speech for oral reading fluency assessment  
  by Francis Dimzon, Ronald Pascual 
  Abstract: This paper explores the extraction and analysis of prosodic features in children's Filipino speech for application in automated oral reading fluency assessment. Automatic syllabication was optimized in the context of children's Filipino read speech. Using the Children Filipino Speech Corpus, prosodic features were automatically extracted which were then classified according to human rater assessment of fluency. Analysis of variance showed that speech and articulation rates, pauses, syllable duration, and pitch can be used to classify children's oral reading fluency in Filipino into three levels, namely, independent, instructional, and frustration. Using machine learning classification methods, 5-fold cross validation showed that speech rate, articulation rate, and number of pauses can be used to predict oral reading fluency at 92%, 85%, and 76% accuracy for 2, 3, and 4 levels of fluency classification, respectively. Pitch and syllable duration patterns were also characterized for the assessment of phrasing and expression between fluent and non-fluent readers.
  Keywords: Oral reading fluency assessment; prosody; Filipino language; children's read speech.
  
  
• Analysis of e-content of Khuzestan Province teachers during the COVID-19 period based on Mayer's principles  
  by Majid Hamdani 
  Abstract: The current study investigates the e-content prepared by teachers during the Co-rona period in terms of observing the principles of e-content design. Meyer theo-ry with 12 principles has been used for design principles. To this end, a checklist with 12 components with face validity and reliability of 0.78 from Cronbach's al-pha test, and 275 educational videos produced by teachers in Khuzestan province based on available sampling method and based on 12 components of Mayer theo-ry were reviewed by three educational technologist. The results revealed that the contents prepared in only three components spatial contiguity, segmentation and multimedia at the level of 1% were significantly above average and the rest of the components were all significantly below average that include 8 compo-nents. The pre-training component was not significantly different from the mean. Generally, the results indicated that the e-content design principles were not significantly observed in the prepared e-content at the level of 1%.
  Keywords: content analysis; e-learning; content design; Mayer’s principles; Khuzestan.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2022.10044649
   
  
• ONLINE ENTREPRENEURSHIP LEARNING: A CASE STUDY OF A TECHNICAL PUBLIC UNIVERSITY  
  by Amiruddin Ahamat 
  Abstract: An online learning platform is a network of interconnected interactive online services that provide lecturers, students, and people interested in education with the knowledge, tools, and resources necessary to support and improve the process and management of education. The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges that arise during an entrepreneurship course delivered via online learning platforms. The methodology used in this study employs qualitative methodologies to ascertain students' intentions to become entrepreneurs. Interviews were conducted to elicit information about the materials used in the entrepreneurship course delivered via online learning platforms, as well as the obstacles and limits associated with online learning in this context. According to the study, all three components have an effect on the online learning process. The three components include instructional materials, difficulties, and limits associated with online learning systems.
  Keywords: Digital; Opportunity; Qualitative Study; University; Courses.
  
  
• Investigating a MOOC educational model and the attitude of university students towards digital education
  by Szabolcs Prónay, Zoltán Majó-Petri, László Dinya, Sándor Huszár 
  Abstract: COVID-19 pandemic was a global crisis in one hand but at the same time it positioned distance learning in the forefront of the education worldwide. Digital educational and MOOC methodologies were suddenly utilized in wide spectrum – but with mixed results. In our paper we show that MOOC type of education can be an operational model for mass personalization in higher education. Building on technology acceptance models (TAM), we demonstrate the results of an empirical exploration research proving that such an autonomous - kind of "campusless" - digital educational solution can be acceptable to higher education students. We conclude that MOOC education has proved to be viable/relevant based on the experience of our analyzed population, but only if it efficiently supports learning and is suitable to promote autonomous learning. It also means that a simple solution does not necessarily result in a positive attitude among students.
  Keywords: digitalization, e-learning, online learning, MOOC, digital education, student’s attitudes; technology acceptance model (TAM)