International Journal of Innovation and Learning (38 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• The development of a methodology for assessing inclusive practices in higher education  
  by Tatiana Lukovenko, Nikolay Sorokin, Valentina Kirillova, Oleg Shakhmatov 
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to develop and validate a multi-level methodology for assessing inclusive practices in educational institutions, with a focus on enhancing teacher qualifications. The research methodology incorporated both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Statistical methods, including the t-test, were employed to evaluate the significance of changes before and after the program's implementation. Qualitative analysis was conducted using semi-structured interviews with students and teachers. The research results demonstrated a significant improvement in the level of teacher preparedness in the field of inclusive education. Confidence in the use of inclusive methods increased by 30%, while knowledge of adapted educational materials improved by 28%. The availability of infrastructure and technologies also saw a 30% increase. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the developed assessment methodology can be applied in educational institutions to improve the effectiveness of inclusive programs.
  Keywords: accessibility of educational resources; assessment of inclusive practices; disability; inclusion; students with disabilities; teaching methodology.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10068940
   
  
• Exploring the influence of flipped classroom pedagogy on student achievement and engagement  
  by Wanmei Wang, Siti Mariam Abdullah, Chin-Hong Puah 
  Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of the flipped classroom on learning outcomes among first-year management students in five vocational colleges in Anhui Province, China. A quasi-experimental design was used, with 1,000 students divided into flipped classroom (experimental) and traditional teaching (control) groups. The study assessed academic achievement, successful intelligence, and learning attitudes, while also exploring the moderating role of cognitive style. Results showed that flipped classroom students outperformed traditional learners, with significant gains in academic achievement, successful intelligence, and learning attitudes. Cognitive style did not moderate the flipped classroom's effectiveness, indicating its broad applicability. The findings suggest that flipped classrooms can enhance student performance and offer valuable insights for optimising teaching strategies in vocational education.
  Keywords: flipped classroom; learning performance; management courses; vocational and technical colleges; cognitive style; successful intelligence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10068942
   
  
• Empowering future caregivers: the role of self-leadership in reducing stress among nursing students  
  by Nasir Mustafa, Hina Zahoor, Rehab El Gamil, K.M. Ashifa, Mehdi Safaei 
  Abstract: Self-leadership skills help nursing students manage stress. Self-leadership development revolves around task motivation, constructive cognition, and behaviour awareness and volition. Students overcome challenges and provide exceptional treatment by being motivated to fulfil clinical and academic tasks. Clinically, constructive cognition aids critical thinking, decision-making, and adaptation. For professionalism and stress management, behaviour awareness and volition require self-regulation. This skill helps students balance personal and academic obligations, reducing stress and improving performance. Self-leadership and stress perception in nursing students across academic years were examined in this study. The study sampled 169 nursing students using basic random selection. Students had moderate task motivation and constructive cognition, but behaviour awareness and volition varied. This suggests that some nursing students are self-leaders and others are not. Self-leadership skills, stress management seminars, positive reframing tactics, and a supportive environment are needed to boost nursing students' resilience and well-being, according to the research.
  Keywords: nursing students; self-leadership; perceived stress; psychological well-being; task motivation; constructive cognition; behaviour awareness and volition; resilience; stress management.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069195
   
  
• Mapping the pathways to innovation in PhD scholars: the interplay of university structure, academic leadership and psychological capital  
  by Shikha Chahar, Gunjan Tripathi 
  Abstract: This study investigates the impact of university structure, academic leadership, and psychological capital on the innovation capabilities of PhD scholars in Haryana's state, central, deemed, and private universities. Using a quantitative survey method, data were gathered via online (204 responses) and offline (210 responses) questionnaires rated on a 1 to 5 Likert scale. Participants were chosen through stratified random sampling. Data analysis was performed with PLS-SEM 4 (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling) after validating and confirming the reliability of the questionnaires. Validity was determined by correlating individual question items with the overall item score for each variable. The analysis addressed the research questions and tested the hypotheses. Results highlight that psychological capital has the most substantial and statistically significant effect on enhancing the innovation capacity of PhD scholars.
  Keywords: PLS-SEM; academic leadership; university structure; psychological capital; PsyCap; innovation; PhD scholar.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10069461
   
  
• From barriers to bridges: an interdisciplinary study of disability integration challenges and solutions in higher learning  
  by Eduardo Carlos Dittmar, David López Jiménez, Jenny Patricia Vargas Portillo 
  Abstract: The integration of individuals with disabilities and special educational needs into higher education represents a complex and multifaceted global challenge that demands comprehensive solutions. This research provides an analysis of university students' perceptions regarding their inclusion within academic environments, examining crucial aspects including physical accessibility measures, curricular adaptation strategies, and the quality of teaching support received. Our findings reveal that, despite notable progress in educational inclusion initiatives, substantial barriers continue to persist, particularly in the realms of infrastructure development and faculty preparedness. Through extensive analysis, we identify key areas requiring reinforcement to ensure an equitable and inclusive university experience. Based on these insights, we present detailed recommendations designed to assist higher education institutions in creating more accessible environments that effectively address the diverse needs of students with disabilities.
  Keywords: inclusive higher education; institutional culture; disabilities; universal design for learning; curricular adaptations; physical accessibility; self-regulation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069486
   
  
• Predicting students’ technology-based entrepreneurship approach: students’ personality traits’ effect  
  by Youssef Saida, Anouar Hasbaoui, Tariq Rachid 
  Abstract: Academic researchers as well as practitioners are becoming increasingly interested in students’ entrepreneurship. As a matter of fact, it focuses on students’ perceptions and choices relating to new technology-based ventures. Based on the student technology-based entrepreneurship literature, this study examines the possibility of predicting engineering student perception under specific entrepreneurial approaches. Empirically, we use a sample of 140 engineering students’ entrepreneurs who intend to initiate an innovative technological venture. Therefore, we identify a particular configuration depending on students’ entrepreneurship competencies under their entrepreneurial approach choice. Based on perception and intention, this configuration predicts students' entrepreneurial approach choice.
  Keywords: students’ entrepreneurship; technology-based entrepreneurship; effectuation; causation; discriminant analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069563
   
  
• Do employees intend to use artificial intelligence? An empirical study in Vietnam  
  by Thuy Dung Pham Thi, Van Kien Pham, Nam Tien Duong 
  Abstract: This study examines the factors influencing employees' acceptance of AI systems by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Task-Technology Fit (TTF) model. Data were collected from 527 employees through a survey, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. Results indicate that perceived ease of use (PEOU), driven by task-technology fit, AI self-efficacy, and voluntariness, plays a key role in AI adoption. Surprisingly, perceived usefulness (PU) did not significantly impact adoption intentions, likely due to the bureaucratic culture of these enterprises. While AI self-efficacy positively influenced PEOU, it negatively affected PU. External factors such as supervisor influence were more significant than peer influence in shaping perceptions of AI systems. The findings suggest that voluntariness and organisational factors are crucial to successful AI adoption, offering insights for improving AI integration in similar contexts.
  Keywords: artificial intelligence; AI; technology acceptance model; TAM; task-technology fit; TTF; organisational learning; adoption; Vietnam.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069692
   
  
• How does innovation frame drive technological changes in smallholder farms in Benin?  
  by Ismail Moumouni-Moussa, Latifou Idrissou, Mori W. Gouroubera, Faridah Dosso 
  Abstract: This study investigates the role of innovation frames in influencing farmers' innovative behaviour through two independent case studies on sustainable land management in Benin. We hypothesised that innovation frames mediate the effects of demographic factors on technology adoption. Using Moderator Effect Analysis via the medmod R package, we examined the moderating impacts of these demographic variables through multiple regression analysis. Path analysis was conducted with the Lavaan R package to validate the proposed models, assessing the interplay between socio-demographic variables, innovation frames, and adoption behaviours. An innovation frame encompasses the beliefs, values, and social representations that guide decision-making within farming contexts. Our findings indicate that innovation frames significantly predict innovative behaviour and mediate the influence of socio-economic attributes on farmers' innovation, highlighting the importance of cognitive processes over structural factors. We propose a novel measurement scale for the innovation frame, which can be applied and validated in various contexts. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of innovation frames offers valuable insights for future agricultural extension projects.
  Keywords: agricultural extension; innovation frame development; innovative practice and behaviour; innovation frame measurement scale; IFMS; farmer innovation; Benin.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069789
   
  
• The impact of entrepreneurial orientation on performance in sport firms: the mediating role of knowledge sharing and product innovation capacity  
  by Seyed Mohammad Javad Razavi, Haywantee Ramkissoon 
  Abstract: Using product innovation capacity to customers gives corporations a competitive advantage in the market. This research examined a structural model of entrepreneurial orientation(EO) and knowledge sharing (KS) as the drivers of product innovation capacity (PIC), and ultimately assessed the impact of PIC on corporate performance (CP) in sport firms. The theoretical model of the study was tested using data collected from 401 employees from 58 sport firms in Iran. Our findings show that EO and KS had a significant effect on PIC. In addition, EO, KS, and PIC activities significantly influenced CP. Our study contributes to the ongoing development of the proposed theories in entrepreneurship, innovation, and CP in suggesting a combination of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) approaches. This has important implications for industrial authorities in developing sustainable and successful sectors of sport firms.
  Keywords: corporate performance; entrepreneurial orientation; knowledge sharing; learning; product innovation capacity; sport firms.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069868
   
  
• Exploiting advanced machine learning techniques for predictive analysis of novice learners programming performance  
  by Kapil Shukla, Parag Shukla 
  Abstract: Programming education is evolving quickly, thus new methods are needed to help beginners learn and grow. This study predicts novice learners' performance utilizing sophisticated machine learning methods including K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and XGBoost. We assessed these models on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score utilizing 2,111 samples, 10 beginning features, and derived attributes including correctness, error, performance, and final choice. Ensemble models like Random Forest and XGBoost capture complex data patterns better since they generalize robustly. Simple KNN and Decision Tree ensembles provide a foundation but have weak feature interactions and class distributions. Performance and prediction are improved via hyperparameter adjustment and feature engineering in this research. This research personalizes/adapts novice learners' learning aids using predictive models. Educational data mining is growing, and machine learning may revolutionize programming education. This dataset may be expanded, environmental variables researched, or improved using deep learning.
  Keywords: machine learning; ML; performance prediction; supervised learning algorithms; novice learner programming performance.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069879
   
  
• Changes in consumer purchasing behaviour habits: organic consumption and green marketing  
  by Tina Vukasovic 
  Abstract: Consumer purchasing decisions are evolving, driven by increasing awareness of sustainability. This study examines factors influencing organic food purchases and the role of green marketing in promoting sustainable consumption. Using a quantitative survey of 156 Slovenian consumers, the research analyses attitudes, preferences, and barriers to organic food adoption. Findings indicate growing consumer emphasis on food quality and safety but highlight key obstacles such as high prices, limited availability, and distrust in certifications. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist to expand the organic market through improved accessibility, consumer education, and targeted green marketing. The study contributes by identifying determinants of organic food consumption and highlighting strategies for increasing adoption. Businesses and policymakers can use these insights to promote sustainability and strengthen trust in organic products. Green marketing will be essential in shaping consumer behaviour and driving market growth.
  Keywords: consumer behaviour; purchasing decision; innovation; organic foods; green marketing.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10069960
   
  
• Influence of integration of assessment as learning into disaster prevention education on Taiwanese sixth graders knowledge and word recognition  
  by Chin-Wen Chien, Ssu-Hsien Yu 
  Abstract: The case study explored the influence of the integration of assessment as learning into disaster prevention education on 25 sixth graders’ disaster prevention knowledge and word recognition in an elementary school scenario classroom of disaster prevention in the northwest Taiwan. The thematic analysis of qualitative data (self- and peer evaluation forms, observations, and reflection notes) and descriptive analysis of the pretest and posttest reached the findings. First, sixth graders’ disaster prevention knowledge was increased through assessment as learning including the hands-on activities (simulation activity, sorting games) and self- and peer evaluations. Second, the technology-assisted language learning (Wordwall, Quizlet) as the assessment as learning enabled the sixth graders to gain word knowledge on spoken forms, word forms, and meanings of the target vocabulary on disaster education. Based on the findings of the study, a framework on effective integration of assessment as learning into disaster prevention education were proposed in terms of instructional strategies and tools.
  Keywords: assessment as learning; disaster prevention education; disaster prevention knowledge;English situated learning; word recognition.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10069961
   
  
• The role of digital technologies in the transformation of ethical norms in the educational process  
  by ZuoYuan Liu, Alena Gura, Olga Pavlovskaya, Nataliya Antonova 
  Abstract: This study aims to examine the impact of digital technologies on the transformation of ethical standards within the educational process. A survey was conducted among 45 educators and 345 students from three universities before and after the transition to remote learning to assess changes in the adherence to ethical standards. The primary data were collected through a survey, which included questions regarding the adherence to ethical standards, the impact of digital technologies on the learning process, and the assessment of academic performance. The data were gathered at two-time points, allowing for the evaluation of the dynamics of changes. To assess the significance of changes in the responses of students and instructors before and after the implementation of distance learning, the χ² (chi-square) test and regression analysis were employed. The analysis was conducted with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The results revealed that after the implementation of remote learning, there was a significant increase in the level of adherence to ethical norms among educators (up to 98%) and students (up to 91%). There was an improvement in academic performance, with 46% of students achieving a high level of success following the transition to remote learning. Thus, digital technologies can serve as an effective tool for enhancing ethical standards and improving educational outcomes, particularly in the context of remote learning. These findings underscore the importance of integrating digital technologies into the educational process as a means of supporting ethical culture.
  Keywords: digitalisation; distance learning; ethical transformation; innovations; modern technologies.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10070392
   
  
• Exploring factors influencing the innovation of PhD scholars: a conceptual model utilising confirmatory factor analysis  
  by Shikha Chahar, Gunjan Tripathi 
  Abstract: This study seeks to create a comprehensive framework for assessing the innovation performance of PhD scholars. It introduces 39 items aligned with four key hypotheses, with data gathered through a questionnaire survey. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted on 115 samples from PhD scholars in Haryana universities including central, state, deemed, and private institutions revealed four primary variables that impact performance. These variables are linked to 13 sub-key factors: structural dimension, relational dimension, cognitive dimension, hope, self-efficacy, resilience, optimism, empowering behaviour, considering behaviour, developing behaviour, domain relevant skills, creative thinking, and task motivation. The results highlight the necessity of a multidimensional performance evaluation framework that incorporates all critical factors influencing PhD scholars’ innovation. The study validates the factor structures related to academic leadership, psychological capital, and innovation.
  Keywords: innovation; PhD scholars; conceptual model; performance evaluation and CFA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10070464
   
  
• Bridging employee-oriented HR practices and employee innovative behaviour: unpacking the mediating role of employee commitment  
  by Syed Mudasser Abbas, Muhammad Irshad, Md. Nurun Nabi, Salim Khan 
  Abstract: Drawing on social exchange theory and signalling theory, the study intends to examine the employee-oriented HR practices (salary, job enrichment, job stability, training) that influence employee commitment and employee innovative behaviour. The study collected data from 353 employees of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through purposive sampling. The hypotheses were tested by applying structural equation modelling (SEM) through SmartPLS 4. The results suggest a significant and positive association between employee-oriented HR practices and their innovative activity. Furthermore, the study establishes that employee commitment plays a crucial mediating role in this relationship. The study emphasises the need for organisations to not only implement employee-oriented HR practices but also nurture a sense of commitment among their employees to unlock the full potential of innovative behaviours within the workforce.
  Keywords: employee oriented HR practices; employee commitment; EC; employee innovative behaviour.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10070555
   
  
• Navigating cultural and structural barriers to leadership: a comparative analysis of gender equality in Austria and Greece  
  by Vito Bobek, Paraskevi Giali, Tatjana Horvat 
  Abstract: This paper empirically analyses the cultural and structural barriers to female leadership in Austria and Greece within the broader framework of European Union (EU) gender equality policies. Through semi-structured interviews with female leaders and human resource experts and secondary data analysis, the study highlights the persistent challenges of the glass ceiling, the gender pay gap, and traditional gender roles in both countries. While Austria demonstrates progress with more supportive organisational structures, structural barriers remain significant. In contrast, Greece struggles with deeply entrenched cultural norms that hinder women’s advancement in leadership roles. The study provides recommendations for policy improvements, organisational reforms, and future research directions to foster gender equality in leadership across the EU.
  Keywords: gender equality; female leadership; Austria; Greece; cultural barriers; structural barriers; EU gender policies; glass ceiling; gender pay gap; innovation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10070735
   
  
• Vietnamese Youth’s motivations for watching Generative Adversarial Networks - videos about national heroes and martyrs  
  by Danh Le Thi My, Truong Nguyen Huu, Hien Nguyen Thi Thuy, My Duong Thi Kieu, Tram Nguyen Thi Ngoc, Khoi To Viet Phuoc 
  Abstract: Recreating and transmitting images and content about heroic martyrs through generative AI technology and old photo restoration technology is a topic that attracts the attention of many students. This study examines the level of motivation and interest of students in images of national heroic martyrs, Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to help restore and animate images. The goal is to understand how modern technology attracts audiences by creating moving videos from old, damaged, still images that reach them through digital platforms. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) through 635 responses and SMARTPLS software analysis. The research results show that the use of AI can increase students' interest and engagement in content about historical heroes and martyrs, emphasizing the potential of GAN technology in converting old images of historical heroes and martyrs into digital products.
  Keywords: generative adversarial networks; GANs; national heroes and martyrs; nationalism; NN; patriotic values; generative AI; technology acceptance model; TAM; uses and gratifications theory; UGT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10070813
   
  
• The role of technical knowledge and pedagogic knowledge in pedagogical competence  
  by Ulfah Mediaty Arief, Novira Rizki Arjun, Tatyantoro Andrasto, Sri Sukamta, Delano Hafis Afdam, Indah Novi Yarman, Naila Amalia, Andi Muhammad Dzulfikar 
  Abstract: This research will examine the relationship between technical knowledge (professional) and pedagogical knowledge, in students of the Electrical Engineering Education program of Semarang State University (UNNES). The concept of Society 5.0 emphasises human-centred innovation that integrates technological and social progress. The study found that many students are less prepared to teach due to an inadequate understanding of educational theories and technical skills, which are especially important in this era. The research was conducted using a quantitative, ex-post facto method with a correlational descriptive approach. Data were collected from 79 students through questionnaires and final grades. This study concludes that competency improvement is very important to prepare educators in the Society 5.0 era. Recommendations include updating the curriculum and improving practical teaching experiences to better equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge.
  Keywords: technical knowledge; pedagogical knowledge; pedagogical competence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10070931
   
  
• Analysing user sentiments in social media: the supremacy of deep learning methods over traditional machine learning techniques  
  by A. Suruliandi, Meenakshi Muthukrishnan, S.P. Raja 
  Abstract: Sentiment analysis plays a crucial role in natural language processing by transforming large-scale textual data from social media into meaningful business insights. This study explores three key sentiment analysis approaches; emotion detection sentiment analysis, aspect-based sentiment analysis, and intent-based sentiment analysis and evaluates the performance of traditional machine learning and deep learning models. The study assesses machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine, multinomial Naïve Bayes, logistic regression, decision tree, and random forest against deep learning models, including BERT, LSTM, CNN, RNN, and GRU. Performance is evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The findings indicate that deep learning models outperform traditional machine learning techniques, with LSTM achieving the highest accuracy of 93.91%. The study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of different sentiment analysis models, highlighting deep learnings advantage in capturing complex sentiment structures.
  Keywords: sentiment analysis; machine learning; deep learning; classification.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10071093
   
  
• A salutogenic approach to physical education teacher education: the link between personality traits and sense of coherence in preservice teachers.  
  by Evangelia Paraskevadaki, Aspasia Dania 
  Abstract: Despite the importance of salutogenic frameworks for developing supportive educational environments, research on how personality factors influence the sense of coherence (SoC) in preservice physical education (PE) teachers remains limited. A sample of 294 preservice PE teachers (50.3% male, 49.7% female; mean age 22.46 years) completed the Big Five Inventory and the Orientation to Life Questionnaire, along with questions about demographic and professional characteristics. Participants demonstrated high agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and moderate SoC. Neuroticism and openness emerged as the strongest predictors of SoC, followed by conscientiousness and extraversion. Together, the Big Five traits accounted for 27% of the variance in SoC. This study offers an innovative perspective by integrating personality theory and salutogenic pedagogy to inform the professional development of preservice PE teachers. Incorporating personality assessments into physical education teacher education (PETE) programs may help foster resilience in future educators, enhancing their capacity to implement a salutogenic approach in teaching.
  Keywords: physical education teacher education; PETE; personality; preservice teachers; sense of coherence; SoC; innovation in teacher education.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10071944
   
  
• Cross-sectional investigation on factors and improvement strategies for data literacy among pre-service teachers  
  by Chenyu Wang, Norharyanti Binti Mohsin, Siti Hajar Binti Halili 
  Abstract: China has been developing a smart education platform that integrates diverse, high-quality, and systematic educational resources. Educators must be digitally proficient to improve student learning outcomes and direct the teaching process. The current transformation of the pre-service education teaching model by various factors. Subsequently, the study aimed to identify the most effective background factors and data literacy improvement strategies that can increase data literacy among pre-service teachers. In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was used to distribute questionnaires to 400 pre-service teachers of Henan Normal University in Henan Province, China. The questionnaire was designed based on the multidimensional indicators of factors influencing pre-service teachers' data literacy designed with a 5-point Likert scale. Subsequently, it was found that the importance of building a digital atmosphere for the improvement of data literacy among pre-service teachers with resources and other associated factors.
  Keywords: digital literacy; pre-service teachers; data literacy; data use atmosphere; China; innovation; improvement strategies; five-point Likert scale; SEM-PLS analysis; cross-sectional investigation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072103
   
  
• Psychological and pedagogical technologies for preventing aggressive behaviour in children facing difficult life situations  
  by Tatiana Lukovenko, Valentina Kirillova, Oleg Shakhmatov 
  Abstract: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a preventive program in improving conflict management skills and reducing aggressive behaviour. The study participants are 120 children from orphanages aged 10 to 14 years, divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained using modern teaching methods, while the control group was trained using traditional methods. The research methods included quasi-experimental, experimental, testing, and statistical analysis. As a result, the conflict management skills of the experimental group participants significantly improved. The highest scores increased from 2.5 to 4.7 (t = 8.23, p < 0.001), while the lowest scores decreased from 3.9 to 2.0 (t = 7.55, p < 0.001). The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the findings can be used to develop programs for the prevention of antisocial and aggressive behaviour in schools and orphanages, thereby contributing to the well-being of children and their environment.
  Keywords: aggression; difficult life situations; (DLS); prevention of aggressive behaviour; social instability; traumatic behaviour.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072295
   
  
• Learning, innovation and local content development: the role of government funding and policy harmonisation  
  by Muhammad Athar Ismail Muzakir, Diana Sari, Adhi Indra Hermanu 
  Abstract: This study examines the factors which affect the local content level (TKDN) of prototypes supported by government programs. Using quantitative analysis and secondary data from 2019 across seven sectors (food, energy, ICT, military, health, transportation, and advanced materials), the paper concludes that government research funds do not significantly influence TKDN, however the cost of imported raw materials does. This study emphasises the significance of political alignment and policy alignment at the macro, sectoral, and industry levels in stimulating the development of local content. It also integrates government funding with local content goals, adopts policy insights to improve TKDN, and offers lessons learned regarding successful tactics for promoting the growth of local content-based industries. The findings assist in understanding the dynamics of TKDN in prototypes sponsored by government programs, as well as the impact of policy alignment in encouraging research downstreaming and innovation through improving local content.
  Keywords: local content; industry; innovation; technology; policy harmonisation; learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072296
   
  
• Refining mathematics teaching through lesson observations and professional growth: a case study of mathematics teachers  
  by David Wafula Waswa, Abdullah Kurudirek, Bnar Karim, Delan Sarhang 
  Abstract: Collaborative learning and teaching has gained momentum in the recent past, but mostly through learners’ activities and or teachers together with learners. This study aims to contribute to this momentum by focusing on the impact of lesson observations on mathematics education. The study was conducted across six Iraq and Kurdistan provinces during the 2023-24 academic school year. Lesson observations from 170 mathematics teachers teaching at various levels were conducted based on 42 predetermined criteria developed with the teachers' knowledge. The data was analysed using a mixed-methods approach. The findings indicate that grade level positively correlates with all the outcome factors suggesting that such factors improve with advancement in grade level. The results further showed the city has no effect on student engagement. The study therefore highly recommends structured observations and professional development for teachers for effective and efficient teaching and learning.
  Keywords: lesson observation; lesson organisation; lesson clarity; student engagement; lesson effectiveness.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072444
   
  
• Linking green entrepreneurial leadership with green innovative behaviour through green human resource management, organisational learning culture, and environmental dynamism  
  by Mohammed Abdulrazzaq Alaghbari, Yasser El-Kassrawy, Basheer M. Al-Ghazali, M. Sadiq Sohail 
  Abstract: This study examines the indirect relationship between green entrepreneurial leadership and green innovative behaviour through organisational learning culture and green human resource management. It also explores the moderating role of environmental dynamism on these mediating effects. Using a time-lag approach, data were collected in two waves, two months apart, from 237 employees and supervisors in various tourism enterprises in Saudi Arabia. The results reveal that organisational learning culture and green human resource management significantly mediate the relationship between green entrepreneurial leadership and green innovative behaviour. Additionally, environmental dynamism moderates the mediating effects of these variables. This study provides valuable insights for tourism enterprises, policymakers, and researchers on enhancing the impact of green entrepreneurial leadership on green innovative behaviour. The findings suggest that investments in organisational learning, environmental dynamism, and green human resource management strategies are crucial to improving green innovation in tourism enterprises.
  Keywords: green entrepreneurial leadership; green innovative behaviour; GIB; organisational learning culture; environmental dynamism; green human resource management; HRM; innovation; leadership; tourism; hotel industry.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072546
   
  
• Effects of different types of learning presence on the learning performance and learning satisfaction of students in a rain-classroom-based blended learning environment  
  by Benazir Quadir, Kazi Mostafa, Muhammad Enamul Quadir 
  Abstract: This study explored how different types of learning presence (i.e., forethought or planning, self-monitoring, and strategy usage) affect the learning performance and learning satisfaction of students in a Rain-Classroom-based blended learning environment on WeChat. An experiment was conducted in a 16-week-long chemistry course with 78 students who used the Rain Classroom application. A survey was administered to collect data for analysing the effects of three types of learning presence on Rain Classroom (i.e. forethought or planning, self-monitoring, and strategy usage) on students’ learning performance and learning satisfaction. The collected data were analysed through multiple regression analysis, and results of this analysis revealed that the three types of learning presence influenced learning performance and learning satisfaction. Specifically, among the three types of learning presence, the usage of instructional strategies had the strongest effect on students’ learning performance and learning satisfaction.
  Keywords: learning presence; learning performance; learning satisfaction; rain classroom; blended learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072805
   
  
• Exploring the impact and evolution of project-based learning in science education: a state-of-the-art  
  by Fitri Arsih, Minda Azhar, Yohandri Yohandri, Abdul Razak, Oria Lasmana, Ratih Komala Dewi, Darmanella Dian Eka Wati 
  Abstract: Project-Based Learning (PjBL) has gained increasing attention in science education as an effective pedagogical approach to enhancing students' creative thinking, problem-solving abilities, and learning outcomes. This study aims to provide insight into this learning model's impact, changes, development, and recommendations for future directions. This study is focused on a systematic review of Project Based Learning implemented in the context of science education over the last five years. The State of the Art (SOTA) Analysis Method uses a systematic survey and review approach. The findings show that, PjBL significantly impacts problem-solving abilities and creative thinking. Statistical analysis indicated that PjBL is most commonly applied at the high school level (50%), with problem-solving skills being the most frequently observed learning outcome (40%). The findings highlight PjBL's effectiveness across various educational levels, reinforcing its role in fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and innovation in science education.
  Keywords: creative thinking; critical thinking skills; project-based learning; PjBL; science education; state-of-the-art; SOTA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072894
   
  
• Exploring writing feedback literacy among Chinese high school English teachers: current status and influencing factors  
  by Ya Yu, Jianfen Ying 
  Abstract: Despite the crucial role of teacher feedback literacy, empirical investigations into EFL instructors’ feedback literacy within writing classroom settings remain underexplored. Grounded in the Feedback Literacy Scale, this study explored the current status of Chinese high school English teachers’ writing feedback literacy and examined the influence of teaching experience, school level, and students’ writing proficiency on such literacy. Data from 75 teachers via questionnaires and interviews revealed that teachers’ writing feedback literacy was generally robust, with the highest level observed in feedback values and comparatively lower level in feedback skills. School level and students’ writing proficiency significantly influenced teachers’ feedback knowledge and values, respectively. Additionally, the interaction between teaching experience and school level significantly affected teachers’ feedback values. However, none of the three factors demonstrated a significant influence on feedback skills. The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing teachers’ writing feedback literacy in pedagogical practice and professional development.
  Keywords: writing feedback literacy; Chinese EFL teachers; current status; influencing factors.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10072926
   
  
• Virtual reality technology to enhance English language acquisition in children with learning disabilities  
  by Piyanan Pannim Vipahasna, Kitipoom Vipahasna, Jintavee Khlaisang, Somchai Numprasertchai 
  Abstract: English language instruction is a core component of the general education curriculum; however, students with dyslexia often experience persistent challenges in acquiring and retaining English vocabulary. This study explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) technology as a supportive tool for vocabulary learning among dyslexic learners. Using a quasi-experimental design, 30 participants were divided into an experimental group, which engaged with a custom-designed VR learning environment, and a control group that received conventional instruction. The VR experience incorporated interactive multimedia and game-based learning principles to promote immersion and learner engagement. Findings revealed that the experimental group exhibited improved vocabulary retention, heightened engagement, and deeper conceptual understanding compared to the control group. Observations and participant feedback also indicated enhanced concentration, imagination, and learning satisfaction. The results suggest that immersive VR environments hold significant promise as inclusive educational tools for fostering English vocabulary development among learners with specific learning disabilities.
  Keywords: virtual reality; English language; language acquisition; vocabulary recognition; learning disabilities; interactive multimedia.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10073044
   
  
• Authentic leadership as a driver of innovation: investigating the role of employee engagement in the healthcare sector  
  by A. K. Subramani , M. Vijayalakshmi , L. Hemalatha  
  Abstract: Authentic leadership (AL) plays a crucial role in driving organisational innovation. This study explores how AL influences innovative work behaviour (IWB) among employees in the IT sector, with a particular focus on the mediating role of employee engagement (EE). Conducted as a cross-sectional survey across Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad, this study targeted IT professionals at various organisational levels top, middle, and lower tiers. Using snowball sampling, data were collected from 307 valid respondents. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between AL and IWB, with EE partially mediating this. These findings underscore the importance of fostering AL and enhancing EE to drive innovation in the workplace. Organisations aiming to maintain a competitive edge should prioritise leadership development and invest in strategies to increase employee involvement. This study provides practical insights for HR professionals and managers seeking to cultivate a culture of innovation through authentic leadership practices.
  Keywords: employee engagement; innovative work behaviour; IWB; authentic leadership; information technology; leadership.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10073059
   
  
• Integrating the ethno-STEM approach into android media to improve students critical thinking and self-regulated learning skills in mathematics  
  by Hery Nugroho, Sugiman Sugiman 
  Abstract: Many studies have attempted to improve students' critical thinking (CT) and self-regulated learning (SRL) skills in mathematics. However, there are still gaps in improving CT and SRL skills, especially concerning integrating the ethno-STEM approach into android media. This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of the ethno-STEM approach into android media in improving students' CT and SRL skills in mathematics. This research is a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design, comparing the ethno-STEM integrated android media (ESAM) with the direct instruction (DI) model, involving 60 junior high school students. Pre-test and post-test results were analysed using Hotelling's T2 multivariate test for overall effects, followed by Independent Sample T-tests, Cohen's d, and N-Gain scores to assess the effectiveness of each model. The analysis results show that the ESAM model is more effective in improving students' CT and SRL skills than the DI model.
  Keywords: ethno-STEM; ethnomathematics; STEM; android; critical thinking; self-regulated learning; SRL; mathematics.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10073112
   
  
• Students’ learning style: a comprehensive bibliometric review during 1978 to 2024  
  by Tianxiao Song, Majid Ghasemy 
  Abstract: This study emphasises the significance of students’ learning styles. Understanding students’ learning styles is beneficial for improving the quality of higher education. The study conducted a review of relevant research aimed at identifying research related to students’ learning styles in colleges and universities and utilised the bibliometrics method to explain how 708 academic papers indexed by Scopus guide the research evolution of learning styles over 47 years (1978 to mid-June 2024). The paper highlights the student-centred educational philosophy and pays great attention to individual differences among students. It emphasises the use of modern digital technologies and artificial intelligence tools to accurately identify learning styles, thereby assisting teachers effectively adjust teaching strategies. In this study, bibliometric analysis findings have significantly indicated that blended learning, collaborative learning, active learning, self-regulated learning, student-centred learning, and digital learning are expected to become important research areas for in-depth exploration in future.
  Keywords: learning style; higher education; students; learning; teaching; bibliometric analysis; Scopus.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10073361
   
  
• Innovative one-arm operable wheelchair attachment: enhancing mobility for hemiplegic and triplegic users  
  by Pg Emeroylariffion Abas, Hirdy Othman, Chan Chung Sun, Noel Mendiola, Hazwani Suhaimi 
  Abstract: Hemiplegic individuals often face significant challenges in operating standard manual wheelchairs due to their condition, which restricts the use of one side of the body. Addressing this gap, this paper presents a novel wheelchair attachment that enables single-arm operation, enhancing mobility and independence. Developed through a systematic engineering design process, this research involved the identification of critical user requirements - usability, flexibility, portability, adaptability, affordability, and safety. These considerations guided the design and iterative prototyping of multiple models, leading to the selection and extensive testing of a final design. The results demonstrate that the optimised prototype not only significantly improves task efficiency and accuracy for wheelchair users but also provides substantial benefits to hemiplegic/triplegic individuals, allowing them to perform activities that were previously difficult. Highlighting the potential for patentability and marketability, this invention stands as a significant advancement in assistive technology, promising to transform the accessibility landscape for disabled individuals.
  Keywords: assistive technology; adaptive wheelchair attachment; hemiplegic mobility aids; triplegic assistive devices; single-arm wheelchair operation; innovation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10068037
   
  
• Unlocking resilience: emotional intelligence and self-leadership shape stress perception among health students  
  by Hina Zahoor, Nasir Mustafa, K.M. Ashifa, Mehdi Safaei, Rehab El Gamil 
  Abstract: Academic expectations, interpersonal issues, and patient care can stress students. If unaddressed, these pressures can affect kids' learning, performance, and well-being. Still, emotional intelligence and self-leadership will help health sciences students manage stress and perform better in any subject. This study examined how emotional intelligence, self-leadership, and stress affected health sciences students. A cross-sectional descriptive study examined 411 undergraduate students from Istanbul Gelisim University, categorised by year of study (first, second, third, and fourth). The survey included 305 females and 106 males. Data were collected using demographics, SSEIT, ASLQ, and PSS-10 scales; 96.5% responded. Higher emotional intelligence, constructive cognition, task drive, and behaviour awareness predict lower reported stress. A negative and significant relationship between felt stress and emotional intelligence, constructive cognition, task motivation, behaviour awareness, and self-leadership. The authors suggest including self-leadership, emotional intelligence, stress management seminars, and positive reframing in the curriculum to help students develop emotional regulation, constructive thinking, and resilience.
  Keywords: health sciences students; emotional intelligence; perceived stress; self-leadership; constructive cognition; task motivation; behaviour awareness; volition.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10068071
   
  
• Enhancing entrepreneurial intentions in higher education: a comparative study of design thinking and technopreneurship courses in Thailand  
  by Suraphol Pudhom, Mullika Sungsanit 
  Abstract: This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of entrepreneurship education on students' entrepreneurial intentions and related attitudes at Suranaree University of Technology. The research focused on two courses: design thinking and technopreneurship. A sample of 280 undergraduate students participated in pretest and posttest measures assessing changes in entrepreneurial intentions, attitudes toward entrepreneurship, attitudes toward failure, and self-efficacy. Results revealed significant improvements in entrepreneurial intentions and attitudes toward entrepreneurship and failure, particularly in the technopreneurship course. Unexpectedly, both courses showed a decline in self-efficacy, indicating a need for curriculum adjustments to support students' entrepreneurial confidence better. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive relationships between entrepreneurial intentions and attitudes toward entrepreneurship, learning, failure, and self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis identified attitudes toward entrepreneurship and self-efficacy as significant predictors of entrepreneurial intentions in the design thinking course, while attitudes toward learning and self-efficacy were significant predictors in the technopreneurship course. These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive approach to entrepreneurship education that enhances attitudes while maintaining self-efficacy. The study's implications suggest that policymakers and educators should integrate practical, hands-on experiences and supportive mentorship to cultivate a more effective entrepreneurship education ecosystem. Ethical approval was obtained from the university's Institutional Review Board.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship education; EE; entrepreneurial intention; EI; attitude toward entrepreneurship; ATE; attitude toward failure; ATF; self-efficacy; SE; Thailand.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10072778
   
  
• A comparative analysis of digital skills across various study forms and types of programs  
  by Laura Fink, Nataša Makovec, Jaka Vadnjal 
  Abstract: This study focuses on students' digital readiness, perceptions, and attitudes toward e-learning. The findings show that perceptions and attitudes toward e-learning exhibit variations based on distinct groups of students, such as full-time versus part-time students, students enrolled in blended versus fully online programs, and students enrolled in faculty versus higher vocational school programs. We support the distinctions in digital abilities and readiness between students from the faculty and higher vocational school, as well as those from blended and online studies. Part-time students use or are more inclined to e-learning than full-time students. In contrast to students in online programs, participants in blended courses report a greater sense of digital readiness and proficiency. In contrast to the faculty, students at higher vocational schools have a greater propensity for utilising e-learning but feel less digitally literate. The findings indicate that students in fully online programs have a more favourable attitude toward e-learning compared to their counterparts in blended courses.
  Keywords: attitude toward e-learning; blended learning; digital skills and competencies; digital readiness; higher education.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10072790
   
  
• Student science teachers' semantic and emotional orientations towards flipped learning practice  
  by Oktay Kizkapan 
  Abstract: The aim of this research is to examine the emotional and semantic orientation of student science teachers towards flipped learning model (FLM). The study employed a convergent design of mixed methods research. The participant group consisted of 37 SSTs enrolled in the research methods in education course. Data collection involved the use of a semantic and emotional orientation scale and open-ended questions, with analysis conducted through deductive content analysis. The findings indicated that SSTs' orientations towards FLM were predominantly positive, perceiving it as effective, enjoyable, novel, instructive, valuable, flexible, and advantageous. However, their orientations were neutral regarding its simplicity, strenuousness, and ease. The research concluded that predominantly positive perceptions of SSTs regarding FLM can lead to more successful integration of FLM in their future teaching practices and enhance the quality of their teaching and potentially lead to improved student engagement and learning outcomes.
  Keywords: flipped learning; science teachers; semantic and emotional orientations.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2026.10068910
   
  
• Entrepreneur's resilience development in one-to-one resilience coaching  
  by Santeri Halonen 
  Abstract: An entrepreneur's ability to learn and apply what has been learned is the essence of entrepreneurship. The changes arising from external factors together with a rapidly changing business environment and customers' preferences require foresight and resilience from the entrepreneur. This study explores the impact of resilience coaching on the development of entrepreneurs' resilience. The data comprises coaching session and follow-up material from five entrepreneurs, including one to six coaching sessions with each entrepreneur along with sessions notes and entrepreneurs' self-assessments. The findings indicate a seven-factor framework consisting of resilience elements such as anticipation, mental and physical resources, networks, vision, and competence development. Resilience coaching strengthens the entrepreneur's resilience, enhances foresight skills and sharpens the entrepreneur's competence development. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial resilience and provides a practical framework for resilience coaching in the Nordic context.
  Keywords: entrepreneurship; change; resilience; learning; resilience coaching; resilience development.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIL.2025.10073012