International Journal of Global Warming (20 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Investigating the Use of Fuzzy Systems in Managing Carbon Emissions and Sinks in Rural Areas  
  by Xu Fang 
  Abstract: To get to carbon peaks and neutrality, it is essential to have a better idea of how area carbon pollution and a low-carbon economy work in time and place. From 2015 to 2022, Sichuan Provinces carbon emissions were found by dividing them into four main categories: energy use, industry output, forest activity, and garbage release. They also observed at how it changed over time and found the primary sources of carbon pollution. The super-SBM-undesirable model checked how low-carbon efficient Sichuan Province and its 21 towns were. The most significant source of carbon pollution in the area was energy use, especially power plants and energy centres for factories.
  Keywords: Temporal and spatial distribution; carbon emissions; low-carbon efficiency; Sichuan Province; inventory accounting method; Super-SBM-Undesirable model.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10069137
   
  
• Investigation and Performance Evaluation of a Solar PV/T-Based Multi-Generation Plant for Clean Hydrogen Production  
  by Fatih Y?lmaz, Murat Ozturk, Re?at Selba? 
  Abstract: This research focuses on the thermodynamic analysis of a solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T)-based combined plant that uses energy and exergy efficiency to generate clean power, hot water, cooling, and hydrogen. This newly developed scheme is organized by a solar PV/T unit, a transcritical Rankine cycle (tRC) with an ejector, and a PEM electrolyzer. A comprehensive parametric analysis and dynamic modeling are fulfilled to determine the system performance changes. According to the analysis results, the developed plant can generate 9.153 kW of net electricity, 88.39 kW of cooling load, 151.9 kW of hot water, and 0.00002395 kg/s of green hydrogen. Finally, the system had 25.80% energy efficiency and 11.63% exergy efficiency.
  Keywords: Energy; exergy; solar PV/T; green hydrogen; transcritical Rankine Cycle.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070013
   
  
• Energy Monitoring and Performance Evaluation of New Generation Photovoltaic Modules  
  by Aykut Güzel, Mehmet Azmi Aktacir 
  Abstract: This study compares bPV and mPV modules with single-axis solar tracking systems (SAST) and fixed system installations in Sanliurfa, Turkey. The performance of the PV modules is evaluated by creating a comprehensive data set over one year. The results provide valuable insights for designing more effective and efficient systems for solar projects. SAST achieved 9.91% more bifacial gain for bPV technologies and 8.23% more energy output for mPV technologies than the fixed system. Tracking bifacial technology increased output per watt by 23.07% compared to fixed monofacial technologies, with the best performance ratio of 0.89 for the year.
  Keywords: bifacial photovoltaic module; bifacial gain; single axis solar tracking; performance ratio; IEC 61724-1.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070026
   
  
• Macro Monitoring and Early Warning Evaluation of Environmental Protection of Industrial Economy under the Target of Carbon Neutrality  
  by Ali Chen, Peifeng Cai, Jing Wang 
  Abstract: The article proposes the digitised carbon neutrality blockchain technology (DCN-BT) system, which combines blockchain and AI-driven sensor data to monitor industrial emissions in real-time. DCN-BT makes data more transparent, improves early warning accuracy to 97.43%, reduces industrial carbon intensity by 50%, and achieves 5% annual energy saving. DCN-BT creates a scalable, data-driven solution to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability by fusing multi-sensor data with blockchain validation. This proposed system helps governments and industries achieve carbon neutrality utilising advanced digital technologies that ensure efficient carbon tracking, predictive analytics, and better decision-making.
  Keywords: Carbon neutrality; Carbon emission; blockchain technology; Macro-monitoring.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070033
   
  
• Self-Organising Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Controller for Wastewater Treatment  
  by Varuna Kumara, Ezhilarasan Ganesan 
  Abstract: Wastewater Treatment Process (WWTP) has attracted increasing interest in protecting natural waters. However, the operation of WWTP is difficult because of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena associated with treatment units. Therefore, this paper suggested a self-organising Fuzzy-based Sliding-Mode Control (FSMC) for enhancing WWTP operation performance. Simulations and testing demonstrate Self-Organising Fuzzy based SMC (SO-FSMC's) superior control performance. This comprehensive analysis enables the understanding of how FSMC, coupled with JAYA optimisation, influences the distribution of specific chemical species throughout the treatment process. Accordingly, the adopted method attains very less computational time of 2.718s, which is higher than other existing algorithms. Accordingly the result shows that the proposed SO-FSMC method outperforms other techniques in terms of exergy efficiency, yielding values of 3.00E+11 for bioreactor 1, 1.99913 for bioreactor 2, 17.999 for bioreactor 3, 1.97094 for bioreactor 4, and 1.9739 for bioreactor 5.
  Keywords: Wastewater treatment process; Fuzzy control; SMC controller; Optimization.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070148
   
  
• GIS-Based Evaluation of Impact of Land Use on Bioclimatic Comfort Levels  
  by Tuba Rastgeldi Dogan, Can Bülent Karakuş 
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between bioclimatic comfort levels and land use determined by the weighted overlap method and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) method using environmental climate parameters (ECP) for the years 1990-2018 in ?anl?urfa province. The relationship between bioclimatic comfort levels and land use was determined with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). According to the results of this study, the most bioclimatically comfortable areas determined according to both methods in 1990 and 2018 overlapped with agricultural areas and this overlap was more evident in the annual period, spring and autumn.
  Keywords: Bioclimatic comfort; GIS; land use; ?anl?urfa.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070274
   
  
• Modelling the Solar-Powered Electrocoagulation Process for Textile Wastewater Treatment Using IoT Technology  
  by Fatma Didem Alay, Benan Yazıcı Karabulut, Harun Çiğ, Fatma Zuhal Adalar 
  Abstract: This study designs and simulates a sustainable textile wastewater treatment system that aligns with green transformation principles. The proposed model integrates electrocoagulation powered by photovoltaic energy to reduce carbon footprint and operational costs. An IoT-based control unit, including hardware and software components, is simulated to facilitate measurement, management, monitoring, and control of all devices and data flows. The system uses a Raspberry Pi module connected to sensors measuring key water quality parameters, enabling real-time monitoring and control through a cloud-based application interface. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed system in achieving sustainable and intelligent wastewater management.
  Keywords: Electrocoagulation; Textile Wastewater Treatment; Internet of Things; Photovoltaic System; Simulation; Process Optimization; Renewable Energy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070371
   
  
• The Impact of Agri-Voltaic Systems on Carbon Reduction: Pathway to Net-Zero Emissions by 2050  
  by Aykut Güzel, Serkan ÇA?, Yusuf Can Demir, Mehmet Azmi Aktacir 
  Abstract: In experimental and simulation studies conducted in Sanliurfa for agricultural PV systems, this study determined that the bPV module in SAST reached the highest energy production capacity with 23% more energy compared to mPV modules in the fixed system. Furthermore, it was determined that using PV systems can prevent 1.702.865 t-CO2-eq/MWh carbon emissions for electricity consumed in irrigation activities in Sanliurfa in 2023. This study emphasises that using PV systems in energy-intensive areas such as agricultural irrigation will contribute to reducing carbon emissions in line with the IEA's Net Zero 2050 targets.
  Keywords: Bifacial PV; Single-Axis Solar Tracker; Agrivoltaics; PVsyst; Carbon Reduction.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070498
   
  
• Effects of the Hydrothermal Carbonization Conditions on the Energy Yields of Hydrochar derived from Treatment Sludge  
  by Özlem Demir, Betül F?rat 
  Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonisation is a promising technology that can convert to biomass to hydrochar. One of used biomass is treatment sludge with many advantages such as high organic content. Hydrochar derived sludge can be used for several proposes in environmental researches. Solid/liquid fraction, temperature and operation time are the main parameters for the hydrothermal carbonisation. In this study, these conditions were optimised using Box-Behnken statistical design in terms of energy yields. According to the results, the highest heating value is obtained as 18.29 MJ/kg with solid/liquid ratio of 0.09, the time of three hours and temperature of 185.82
  Keywords: Energy; calorific value; high heating values (HHV) treatment sludge; hydrothermal carbonization; hydrochar; Box-Behnken Statistical Design.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070499
   
  
• Electrical Efficiency Analysis of Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems in hot Climates: Comparison of Bifacial and Monofacial Panals  
  by Yusuf Can Demir, Aykut Güzel, Mehmet Azmi Aktacir 
  Abstract: This study investigates the performance of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) system with bifacial and monofacial panels in Sanliurfa's summer conditions. Experiments were conducted with different fan speeds, air gap distances, and cooling strategies. Results show that bifacial panels achieved 18.19% higher efficiency than monofacial panels and performed better in high temperatures. Increasing the air gap distance has enhanced efficiency, especially in bifacial panels, due to the reflective surface behind the panel. Artificial cooling further boosted efficiency, emphasising its potential for hot climates. It was observed that BIPV/T performance was significantly enhanced through optimised airflow, panel technology, and cooling methods.
  Keywords: Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T); Bifacial and Monofacial Panel; Cooling Strategies; Energy Efficiency; Hot Climate Performance.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070709
   
  
• An IoT-driven Enterprise Energy Efficiency Optimisation Model: a Path analysis for Promoting a Green Economy  
  by Liang Zhao, Enhua Li, Xiuyun Zheng 
  Abstract: Companies are reconsidering energy use for conservation. Path analysis provides an IoT-driven green economy enterprise energy efficiency optimisation model (IoT-E3OM) real-time energy usage data from industrial, logistics, and facilities management IoT sensors and actuators. Multiple linear regression assesses process optimisation, equipment efficiency, behavioural interventions, and renewable energy integration, while path analysis examines causal relationships impacting energy efficiency. Energy management with environmental aims may enhance business efficiency and profitability. IoT-E3OM betters prior models in energy prediction (97.8%), efficiency (96.5%), accuracy (95.4%), energy consumption (10.2%) and mean absolute error (7.3%). This approach improves Sustainability through energy management and green economics.
  Keywords: Enterprise Energy efficiency; Optimization; Internet of Things; Path Analysis; Green Economy; Multiple Linear Regression Analysis; Research Hypothesis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070713
   
  
• Revisiting the Environmental Phillips Curve (EPC) Hypothesis: a Nonlinear Panel Data Approach  
  by Chengllin Huang, Siok Kun Sek, Wai Mun Har 
  Abstract: This study re-examines the EPC hypothesis between unemployment and carbon emissions across 19912021, using a novel of pooled mean group nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model and panel quantile regression. Diverging from prior linear assumptions, we extend the examination on the nonlinear nexus by incorporating the asymmetries of unemployment in the estimation. Results are compared across emission and unemployment extremes. Results reveal no short-term EPC validity but uncover a complex long-term nexus: rising unemployment reduces emissions in high-unemployment economies, yet increases them in low-emission countries. Conversely, falling unemployment drives emission growth in carbon-intensive nations, reflecting rebound effects from industrial recovery.
  Keywords: Carbon dioxide emission; Panel data; PMG-NARDL model; Panel quantile regression; EPC hypothesis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070714
   
  
• Assessing Inter-City Carbon Flow Dynamics in the Context of Multivariate Urbanisation: A Study Based on Spatiotemporal Big Data  
  by Wen Zhang, Zhao Jing, Wei Xuan, Junhan Tang, Liwei Zhao, Chaoyang Zhu 
  Abstract: This study delves into the inter-city carbon flow dynamics within urban clusters from the perspective of multivariate urbanisation. This article employs network analysis techniques to trace the dynamics of carbon flows across 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) multiple perspectives, including economic, social, public housing, and ecological urbanization. Utilising advanced gravitational models, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and Quadratic Assignment Procedures (QAP), it evaluates the characteristics of carbon flow networks and identifies key influencing mechanisms. Our network analysis provides a unique vantage point on regional carbon emissions strategies, harmonising them with multifaceted urbanisation for sustainable, long-term development.
  Keywords: New Urbanization; Multivariate Systems; Spatial Structure; Regional Carbon Mitigation; Carbon Flow.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070874
   
  
• Problems and Strategies of Carbon Emission Reduction in the Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry: a Case Study of China  
  by Hang Li, Mengshuo Liu, Suyu Li, Bingbing Yan, Yajuan Jin, Li Wang 
  Abstract: As the world's population continues to grow, carbon emissions from the nitrogen fertilizer industry have become a pressing issue. This study focuses on two key aspects of nitrogen fertiliser production and application. It not only reviews the current situation of greenhouse gas emissions from China's nitrogen fertiliser industry, and identifies the problems in its low-carbon development, but also explores solutions to achieve carbon reduction from both technological and policy perspectives. Using China as an example, the study aims to provide experience for carbon reduction in the nitrogen fertilizer industry in other countries around the world.
  Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions; Nitrogen fertilizer industry; Emission reduction strategies; Climatic change.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070910
   
  
• Assessment of Different Index Methods' Effects on the Parameters of Meteorological Drought in the Context of Global Climate Change  
  by Yavuz Avsaroglu, Oguz Simsek, Veysel Gumus, Ahmet Erhan Eren 
  Abstract: In this study, meteorological drought analysis is evaluated on 3-, 6- and 12-month time scales at four stations in Istanbul. The Standardised Precipitation Index, based on only precipitation data, and the Standardised Precipitation EvapotranspirationIn data, considering potential evapotranspiration values with Thornthwaite and dex, hinged on precipitation and temperature Hargreaves equations, are used for drought analyses. The innovative trend analysis is used to determine the trends of droughts. As a result, no significant differences were found in the temporal distribution of drought in all the methods used. The increase in severity of the index values calculated at the stations was remarkable after 2007.
  Keywords: Istanbul; meteorological drought; SPI; SPEI; Thornthwaite; Hargreaves; ITA; trend.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070995
   
  
• Mitigation of Carbon Dioxide Emission from Potable Water Treatment using Biochar in Terms of Water-Carbon Nexus: a Green Carbon Capture Index  
  by Pelin Yapicioglu, Mehmet İrfan Yesilnacar 
  Abstract: The main objective was the mitigation of CO2 emissions originated from potable water treatment using malt dust derived biochar (MD). This study recommended a new green carbon capture approach depended on biochar application to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulted from water supply treatment in terms of water-carbon nexus. A new carbon capture index (GCI) towards green growth depended on biochar application was developed and validated. The determination of the effect of water quality on CO2 emission and the validation of the GCI were obtained by Monte Carlo Simulation. Averagely, 27.62% of mitigation on CO2 emissions from water supply treatment was reported using three types of biochar. The results showed that the highest carbon capture capacity related to the MD1 which was derived at the minimum pyrolysis temperature with averagely 0.987 of GCI.
  Keywords: potable water treatment; carbon capture; malt dust derived biochar; mitigation; water- carbon nexus.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10070998
   
  
• Cereal Crops Yield and Climate Change: a Case Study  
  by Munisakhon Shamsieva, Muhammad Bilal 
  Abstract: This study investigated vital climate-related and non-climate-related factors on cereal crop yield in Uzbekistan using annual data from 1992 to 2022 with an error correction model. The findings revealed that temperature positively correlates with cereal crop yield in the short run and CO2 emissions negatively impact yield in the long run. Non-climate factors, such as freshwater withdrawal for agriculture, significantly impact cereal yield. Given the ground reality of Uzbekistan's agriculture, flood irrigation is a typical irrigation mode, so sustainable irrigation practices like drip irrigation/sprinklers should be implemented. Crop diversification to less CO2-emitting crops is essential to dispelling adverse climate shocks.
  Keywords: CO2 emissions; fertiliser; freshwater withdrawal; precipitation; Uzbekistan.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10071083
   
  
• Navigating Canadian Renewable Energy Landscape through Bibliometric and Machine Learning Insights  
  by Samaneh Shirinnezhad, Davoud Ghahremanlou 
  Abstract: Canada targets a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, focusing on renewable energy. Analysing 1,796 publications (2015-2024) using AI-driven topic modelling, this study reveals Canada's strong focus on solar and wind research, with an emerging interest in energy storage for smart grids and Indigenous-led energy projects. Key gaps identified include underrepresentation of marine energy research, economic analysis of renewable integration, and insufficient policy evaluation. The study concludes that diversifying research towards technologies like geothermal, improving economic assessments, and creating policies considering socio-economic factors are crucial for Canada's energy transition, with future research requiring expanded databases and computational resources.
  Keywords: bibliometric analysis; Canada; renewable energy; decarbonization; sustainable development goals; SDG7; machine learning; topic modelling; Latent Dirichlet Allocation; LDA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10071285
   
  
• Evaluating 38 Years of Coral Coverage Trends on the Great Barrier Reef: Insights into Resilience and Temperature Correlation  
  by Alberto Boretti 
  Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between global warming and coral reef health, focusing on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Contrary to claims of widespread decline due to warming-induced bleaching, long-term data from the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) reveal that coral cover is at its highest since monitoring began in 1985. Using satellite air temperature data as a robust proxy for ocean warming, the analysis identifies no consistent correlation between rising temperatures and reduced coral cover. Coral bleaching is reframed as an adaptive response, with most corals demonstrating rapid recovery. These findings challenge prevailing narratives of coral fragility, emphasizing the GBR’s resilience and adaptive capacity in the face of climate change. The study advocates for balanced scientific discussions that incorporate both threats and recovery dynamics in coral ecosystems.
  Keywords: Great Barrier Reef; global warming; coral bleaching.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10071364
   
  
• Cloud Computing based Green and Low-Carbon Building Energy Consumption Monitoring and Forecasting  
  by Yujin Liu, Kai Wang 
  Abstract: This paper proposes a green and low-carbon building energy consumption monitoring system based on cloud computing. By integrating the ARIMA model and K-means clustering, the system achieves real-time prediction and automatic identification of energy consumption, thereby enhancing intelligence and response speed. Cloud computing enhances system scalability and plays a key role in monitoring large-scale building groups. Furthermore, by integrating green computing with energy management methods, the study demonstrates that the optimised buildings exhibit significantly improved energy efficiency and a substantially increased proportion of renewable energy usage.
  Keywords: Building Energy Consumption Monitoring; ARIMA Models; K-means Clustering Method; Cloud Computing; Green Computing and Energy Management Methods.