International Journal of Global Warming (19 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Recent Developments on Open Thermochemical Energy Storage towards Decarbonized Building Space Heating and Cooling  
  by Asli Akyol Inada, Marzieh Rezaei, Devrim Aydin 
  Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is one of the key technologies to achieve sustainability and mitigate the global warming impact. Among the all TES methods, thermochemical energy storage (TCES) presents promising features including relatively high energy density and long term heat storage potential. Accordingly, this study presents an overview with a focus on reaction and sorption-based open TCES systems. Within the study, material, reactor and process integration aspects of open TCES systems both for heating and cooling applications are evaluated. This study could provide important insights on future development of TCES materials and technologies.
  Keywords: thermochemical energy storage; heating; cooling; salt; solar energy; sorption; dissolution; reactor; process.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10060563
   
  
• Transforming Blackwater from Multi-Storey Residential Buildings: A Sustainable and Novel Closed-Loop Approach to Reusable Water and Biogas  
  by Venkata Sai Policherla, K. Srinivas Reddy 
  Abstract: One of the most challenging issues in underdeveloped nations is the treatment of domestic blackwater. This study adopts environmentally conscious solar ETC powered MED technology to treat wastewater and biogas digester for handling human waste. This study proposes an integrated solution for a 100-family neighbourhood, processing 3,900 litres of wastewater and 160 kg of faeces each day. In April, the MED unit achieves a 49.25% recovery rate during 5 hours/day operation, yielding 13.22 tonnes of distillate annually. It also generates 1,875.37 kg methane and 55.27 tonnes of organic fertiliser each year. System performance is analysed using a MATLAB R2020a-based mathematical model.
  Keywords: domestic waste; multi-effect distillation; MED; reusable water; biogas digester; fertiliser; decentralised unit.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10060569
   
  
• Analytical Hierarchy Process and Data Envelopment Analysis for Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources  
  by Müjgan Bilge Eriş, Kemal Tepret, Hande Çavuş Arslan, Çağrı Özgün Kibiroğlu 
  Abstract: Most of the energy resources consumed today come from fossil fuels which are non-renewable and cause harmful effects on the environment. Technological improvements and increasing energy deficit have made countries to prioritize the exploration of alternative options and place greater emphasis on renewable energy resources. In this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are used to assess the relative efficiency and generate priority rankings for a set of renewable energy resources in T
  Keywords: analytic hierarchy process; AHP; data envelopment analysis; DEA; energy efficiency; renewable energy resources; multi-criteria decision making.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10062237
   
  
• Investigation of the effect of solar energy use in buildings on reducing carbon dioxide emissions  
  by Ebru Hancioğlu 
  Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction in CO2 emissions by using solar modules. In the article, the energy analysis of Narldere Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Centre (NNHRM) an exemplary public building in Izmir, was discussed. In this study, it was determined that if 1,500 kWp PV Panels were used, approximately 63.58% of the facilitys electricity needs would be met by PV panels. It was revealed that by using the use of PV panels, an improvement of 6.98% in primary energy, 12.27% in CO2 emissions and 7.51% in PER would be achieved. The repayment period is calculated as 7.1 years.
  Keywords: energy analysis; solar energy; energy consumption; CO2 emission.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10062931
   
  
• Assessment of Carbon Trading within Blockchain and Subfield of Artificial Intelligence: a Review  
  by Sofya Morozova, Arif Karabuga, Zafer Utlu 
  Abstract: How can blockchain and AI revolutionise carbon trading? This article explores this question by reviewing the literature on blockchain's potential to create smart contracts for carbon trading. It also illustrates step-by-step guidance to write a smart contract that covers the essential aspects of the market. It is suggested that blockchain technology can address some shortcomings of the current system while usage of the data provided by ML makes contract actually smart.
  Keywords: carbon trading; blockchain; artificial intelligence; AI.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064244
   
  
• Towards Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells: Recycling Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Substrates for Environmental Impact  
  by Elif Damgaci, Ayşe Seyhan, Emre Kartal, Furkan Güçlüer 
  Abstract: The limited lifetime of perovskite solar cells raises concerns about disposal, recycling, and environmental impact. Recycling perovskite materials, including crucial components like fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, offers an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts and production costs. This research focuses on chemically and physically cleaning and recycling FTO substrates, crucial for reducing the overall manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells. Comparative analysis between RecFTO glasses and commercial FTO counterparts encompassed structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties. This approach fosters sustainability in perovskite solar cell production by effectively addressing environmental concerns and cost challenges through FTO recycling.
  Keywords: recycling; perovskite solar cells; PSC; fluorine-doped tin oxide; FTO.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064776
   
  
• Combined Heat and Power with Fuel Cells or Internal Combustion Engines using nearly Green Hydrogen for Decarbonisation  
  by Birol I. Kilkis 
  Abstract: The carbon footprint of fuel-cells and internal combustion engines for cogeneration with green hydrogen are compared. A new definition based on the exergy destructions by the renewable energy systems is introduced for the green hydrogen concept. With six rating and evaluation metrics, 11 major emission-responsible points were identified in comparing fuel cell and internal combustion engine type of combined heat and power. Flat-plate solar panels, and geothermal energy are considered for temperature peaking to replace heat pumps. Results show that they cannot meet the emission minimisation objective. Case studies provide ways and for minimum carbon dioxide emissions responsibility.
  Keywords: CO2 emissions; exergy destruction; fuel cell; combined heat and power; solar and geothermal energy; heat pump.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10064824
   
  
• Experimental study of precursor greenhouse gas reduction in biofilter systems using Nano Materials  
  by Andac Akdemir, Ümmükülsüm ÖZEL Akdemir 
  Abstract: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), emitted in animal farms, were measured in this study for 84 days. To reduce precursor VOC emission, poultry litter were covered with nanomaterial (graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon, activated carbon, and graphite) as daily cover. The adsorbent material performances between the cabinets were compared statistically using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H and Wilcoxon tests. It was concluded that a decrease in pollutant emission was observed when adding carbon nanotubes. Different materials did not cause a difference in pollutant release between benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene.
  Keywords: poultry litter; volatile organic compound; VOC; BTEX; nanomaterials; air pollution; climate change.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065079
   
  
• Explainable Artificial Intelligence?Based Approaches for Climate Change: A Review  
  by H. Can Barutcu, Serra Çelik, Murat Gezer 
  Abstract: Climate change is a significant problem that requires urgent action to identify and mitigate its causes. While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms offer a promising tool to identify these causes, black box constructs often obscure the meaning and impact of essential elements. At this point, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), which illuminates algorithms and allows understanding of which factors significantly affect climate change, can be a saviour. This study focuses on applying XAI to reveal the factors affecting climate change, starting with identifying the areas that AI technologies can affect based on the existing literature. The pros and cons of artificial intelligence are discussed before delving into the concept of XAI and its potential in climate change research. This research aimed to clarify how AI can be effectively leveraged to address the complexities of climate change through XAI, highlighting the role of XAI in making AI insights into climate change understandable and actionable.
  Keywords: Explainable Artificial Intelligence; Climate Change; Artificial Intelligence.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065140
   
  
• A New Approach for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Groundwater Treatment: Biochar derived by Solar Pyrolysis  
  by Pelin Yapicioglu, Mehmet İrfan Yesilnacar, Nurdan Büyükkamaci 
  Abstract: This study has aimed to recommend an innovative approach which is biochar adsorption process to mitigate greenhouse house gas (GHG) emissions resulted from groundwater treatment. This study has showed a point of view to present the potential of biochar application on the mitigation of GHG emissions from groundwater treatment. There is a limited point of view to minimise the GHG emissions due to water resources treatment. This study has proposed to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions originated from groundwater treatment using biochar derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, carob (Ceratonia siliqua) seeds and Turkish coffee (Coffea Turkish) residue generated by solar assisted pyrolysis. A GHG emission calculation and mitigation index (GHGIBA) based on biochar adsorption process has been developed and validated in this study. According to the Monte Carlo simulation, the recommended indicator (GHGIBA) has been meaningful in the range of 89
  Keywords: Groundwater treatment; GHG emissions; biochar; mitigation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065385
   
  
• A Review and Classification of Conventional, Advanced, Smart and Multifunctional Glazing Technologies for Low-Carbon Building and Applications  
  by Pinar Mert Cuce, Tamer GUCLU, Erdem CUCE 
  Abstract: In this study, various smart window technologies are introduced, examined in terms of energy efficiency, and their advantages over existing conventional windows are presented. Smart window technologies used today are more energy efficient than traditional single and double-glazing windows. It is possible to achieve up to 80% energy savings in building heating/cooling costs compared to traditional window technologies, with a correctly selected and applied smart window technology depending on various external factors such as building facade, climatic conditions and window area. Therefore, smart windows technologies play a leading role in the realisation of nearly/zero energy building goals.
  Keywords: smart glazing; multifunctional glazing; glazing coating; U-value; low-carbon buildings.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065478
   
  
• Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing of a Net Zero Carbon Building in UAE: A Leading Initiative in the Region  
  by Rami Alsodi, Fatima Alktebi 
  Abstract: Global warming is a major challenge for engineers, researchers, governments, and the entire world. Buildings have a huge contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the continuous electricity production and consumption of fossil fuels. Net-zero energy buildings (nZEBs) are emerging as a promising solution for an efficient and gradual transition toward clean energy utilisation. Within UAE's vision toward net zero energy in 2050, the Department of Public Works in Sharjah built Sharjah Ports, Customs, and Free Zones Authority Building as an nZEB. This paper performs a life cycle assessment aiming to evaluate the global warming and ozone layer depletion potentials of nZEB building compared to a standard building mode. The results show a reduction of around 70% in these potentials compared to the traditional building model. A further analysis using life cycle costing shows that the nZEB model has 38% less expenditure on electrical energy over 25 years.
  Keywords: net-zero energy buildings; nZEB; life cycle assessment; LCA; global warming; ozone depletion; carbon neutrality; carbon footprint; climate change; solar energy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10065490
   
  
• Tramway Air Conditioning System Assisted with a PVT Collector in a Desert Climate  
  by Naoui Khenfer, Boubekeur Dokkar, Abdelghani Dokkar, Noureddine Settou, Mohamed Cherif Benzid 
  Abstract: In the hot climate of Ouargla City (Algeria), the thermal comfort of tramway cabins is investigated. In July, achieving a thermal comfort of 25
  Keywords: tramway cabins; desert climate; air conditioning; PV/T panels.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10066157
   
  
• Low-Pressure Hydrogen Storage using Different Metal Hydrides: A Review  
  by Pradeep Mishra, Saroj Kumar Acharya, Pragyan Parimita Patnaik, Bhabani Shankar Panda, Akash Roy, Shrutam Saha, Kunwar Asheshpratap Singh 
  Abstract: On a global scale, hydrogen storage is getting increasing attention as an alternative energy source technology in contrast to conventional fuels. A pivotal component in this work is the utilisation of metal hydrides, which need to be meticulously obtained to optimise their storage and sensing capabilities. This paper comprehensively reviews various metal hydrides and discusses the consideration of catalysts and alloys. The review also investigates a comparative analysis of different metal hydrides in terms of their absorption and desorption characteristics, encompassing kinetics, storage capacity, cycle stability, operational temperature, and pressure requirements. Lastly, the review outlines future research directions and recommendations.
  Keywords: absorption; catalysts; desorption; hydrogen energy; hydrogen storage; metal hydrides.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2024.10067017
   
  
• Technical Assessment of CHP System Integrated with Carbon Capture and Utilisation Technology  
  by Pegah Lari, Ehsan Akrami, Mohammad Ameri 
  Abstract: With concerns on the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 capture is the extensive interests in the world. One possible approach to mitigate this issue is to capture CO2 from flue gas from combustion power plants to reuse it such as injecting CO2 into the environment of greenhouse nurseries to enhance plant yield. Biogas burning power plants and biomass gasification power plants are promising technologies for energy production from biomass. In both technologies, the applicability of coupled carbon capture and utilisation technology to the plant was considered and the captured CO2 was utilised in a greenhouse to increase its production rate. This work studies the simultaneous production of electricity and heat performance with the specific input of 10 tons of MSW per day as fuel. The results showed that the electrical power production rate of syngas-based CHP system biogas-based CHP system are 85 kW and 106.3 kW.
  Keywords: biomass; combined heat and power; CHP; CO2 capture and utilisation; energy and exergy investigation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10067527
   
  
• Land Urbanisation's Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emissions of China: from Extended EKC Hypothesis  
  by Qiaozhi Zhao, Yuxin Meng 
  Abstract: Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have been one of increasingly significant development goals for China during its high-quality development. Land urbanisation is one subject of the new style urbanisation for balancing human life and sustainable development. Therefore, land urbanisation and carbon emissions are two main factors that play a virtual role in China's high-quality development. Land urbanisation may cause carbon emissions growth, such as promote more fossil energy consumption. This study applies a spatial Durbin model to explore out the relationship between land urbanisation and carbon emissions using China's provincial yearly data from 2008 to 2021. Further construct industry (CI) development and fiscal revenue (FR)-expenditure state are both evaluated as the mediating roles in their relationship. Spatial spillover among 30 provinces is also considered as an important factor to affect the relations. The findings revealed as follows. First, land urbanisation of a province makes positive effect on its own carbon emissions. However, they show inverted U-shaped relationship on its neighbours. Concerning CI's mediating effect, it is significant only through spatial spillovers. FR's mediating paths are both significant for its own and neighbours. Therefore, proactive actions are necessary to mitigate carbon emissions of land urbanisation.
  Keywords: land urbanisation; carbon dioxide emissions; environmental Kuznets curve; EKC; spatial Durbin model; SDM; China.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068010
   
  
• Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Zeolites  
  by Namra Mir, Yusuf Biçer, Fadwa El-Mellouh, Elumalai Palani, Satyanarayana Bonakala, Abdulkarem Amhamed 
  Abstract: A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment is carried out on three different Metal-Organic Frameworks. MOF-1 is TCM 14 consisting of 4,4?-azopyridine auxiliary ligands, dinuclear copper (II) based secondary building units, acetylene-extended and tritopic benzoate linkers. MOF-2 consists of zeolite A, 40% diethylenetriamine and methanol. MOF-3 consists of zeolite 13X, 40% diethylenetriamine and methanol. Several environmental impact categories are selected to represent a comprehensive view. The global warming potential for MOF 1, 2, and 3 is found to be 3.5, 14.1, and 13.9 kg CO2 eq/kg MOF produced, respectively. A sensitivity analysis of varying amines is also carried out.
  Keywords: Carbon Management; Environmental Impact; Sorption; Sustainability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068459
   
  
• Analysis of the Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Urban Carbon Emissions from a Dynamic Perspective: a Case Study  
  by Lanjian Liu, Yongqiang Dong 
  Abstract: The reduction of urban carbon emissions is widely recognised as a pivotal strategy in the fight against climate change. Using panel data from 10 cities in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2021, the spatial pattern and influencing factors of urban carbon emissions was analysed from a dynamic perspective. The results indicated that urban carbon emissions are currently in an unstable decoupling state, characterised by significant spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, carbon emissions displayed both temporal lag effects and spatial spillover effects, with various factors having different impacts on emissions within local and neighbouring cities. Finally, several policy recommendations were proposed.
  Keywords: carbon emissions; decoupling status; spatial effect; influencing factors; carbon reduction policy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068763
   
  
• The Success of the Kyoto Protocol in Reducing Carbon Emissions in the EU  
  by Şaile Tuba Öztürk, Zeynel Fuat Toprak 
  Abstract: Climate change has climbed to the forefront of global concern and has become the centre of scientific and global public debate. One of the most important treaties is the Kyoto Protocol (KP). The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the KP and to contribute to the existing literature. The study investigates whether the ratification of the protocol is effective in reducing emissions for European Union (EU) countries. As a result, thirteen of EU Member States met their targets for both periods. Seven of EU Member States missed both targets. Six of countries achieved only one of their targets.
  Keywords: Kyoto Protocol; climate change; global warming problem.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2025.10068925