International Journal of Agile Systems and Management (18 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Hybrid pair programming in distributed software development  
  by Ridi Ferdiana, Irdina Wanda Syahputri 
  Abstract: Pair programming exhibits direct communication in the same place, time, and context. However, applying this programming in distributed software development is difficult because of the limited interaction, space, and time between developers. Distributed software development is a way to develop software remotely with separate team members. This paper aims to understand the key difficulty of pair programming in Distributed Software Development. In this study, researchers constructed an experiment to understand the difficulty of pair programming in distributed software development. The experiment compared individual programming, pair programming, and combining the two. The experiment result was then used to propose a hybrid pair programming method. This study showed that hybrid pair programming supplied better productivity than personal programming (55% better) and pair programming (43% better). Hybrid pair programming can improve coordination, scheduling, and technical issues, increasing individual programming productivity.
  Keywords: pair programming; distributed software development; individual programming; managerial effectiveness; organisational agility.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2024.10067099
   
  
• Forecasting social media engagement: an ARIMA-based approach  
  by Samer Abaddi 
  Abstract: This study analyses social media engagement on X Company’s Instagram and Facebook pages, forecasting the engagement rate (ER) using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model based on 2 years of data. The objectives were to understand social media behaviour, develop and evaluate an ARIMA model for ER forecasting, and develop a predictive social media dashboard. Findings revealed high predictability for both Instagram and Facebook ER data, though the high mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and symmetric mean absolute percentage error (sMAPE) indicated room for improvement. Using business intelligence tools (Power BI), the study has developed an interactive dashboard for real-time insights and reliable forecasts, enhancing social media management for X Company. Continuous monitoring and adjustment of strategies based on actual ER values are recommended due to possible real-world changes.
  Keywords: ARIMA forecasting; engagement rate; social media analytics; predictive dashboard; content type; Stata; Power BI.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2024.10067382
   
  
• Transdisciplinary engineering development and integrated water management: an Australian case example  
  by Ronald Beckett, John Mo 
  Abstract: Responses to complex sustainability issues and new technology emergence (e.g., industry 4.0) require consideration of both social and technology factors, as recognised in transdisciplinary practice. Drawing on a water industry longitudinal case study we suggest transdisciplinary engineering practice evolves through interaction within and between communities of place (social groups, government, business actors) and communities of practice (physical, ecological and social sciences actors) via experiential learning over diverse range of project activities. Consistent with the views of others, particular instances are influenced by the nature of the goal, the form of collaboration and the diversity of components to be integrated. Aspects of a water-energy-food nexus are observed. The utility of a 3PE architecture model in framing instances at various project phases is demonstrated. We identify enabling conditions as the maintenance of a strong innovation culture and a focus on strategic planning to support water climate change resilience.
  Keywords: transdisciplinary engineering; sustainability; complex adaptive systems; socio-technical systems; integrated water management; Water 4.0.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2024.10068677
   
  
• Citizen-centric development: a key requirements catalogue for mobile CrowdSensing applications in intelligent transportation systems  
  by Hajar El Gadi, Wahiba Abou-zbiba, Driss Benhaddou, Hanan El Bakkali, Houda Benbrahim 
  Abstract: Presently, intelligent systems have become increasingly important in addressing large-scale societal problems in different fields, e.g. transportation, healthcare, education, etc. In this scope, governments and researchers try to exploit the advantages of mobile technologies to facilitate data collection. Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) presents a powerful solution that enables citizens to collect relevant data using their smartphones, allowing authorities to deduce quality information for decision-making. In this paper, we consider the case of a road safety-oriented MCS application. A major challenge is to encourage citizens to use such an application. In addition, designing MCS applications that meet security, privacy, and data reliability requirements while implementing incentive mechanisms is a challenge that emphasises the importance of the requirements engineering processes with well-defined requirements. In this paper, we propose a key requirements catalog for MCS applications. Our key findings demonstrate how users provide insights on key requirements for the development of an MCS application.
  Keywords: MCS; Mobile CrowdSensing; requirements engineering; key requirements catalogue; security; privacy; data reliability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2024.10068678
   
  
• Implementation of Industry 4.0 integrated Lean-Six-Sigma methodologies for sustainable business operation: an empirical analysis using SAP-LAP framework  
  by Maharshi Samanta, Syed Nadimul Haque, Mohammed Jamshed, Naveen Virmani 
  Abstract: The paper analyses various factors that impact organisational performance when adopting Industry 4.0 integrated Lean Six Sigma (LSSI4). In this study, multiple elements were deconstructed through a literature review and structured interviews of practitioners in the industry. A Situations Actors Processes Learning Actions Performances (SAP-LAP) framework was used to capture the observations of 111 executives from selected industries working in the manufacturing sector in India. The study reveals that there are multiple factors governing the implementation of the elements around the LSSI4 methodologies toward achieving sustainable business practices. The approach to LSSI4 and its effects on organisational performance factors are found to be independent of industrial sectors. New insights were gained about the motivation for change implementation in organisations and its cascading effects. This study provides deep insight into this aspect of LSSI4 and helps understand the transformative impact of digitalisation (Industry 4.0) and process optimisation (Lean Six Sigma) across the various industry sectors. Finally, a recipe is provided for successfully implementing LSSI4 in the industry.
  Keywords: Lean Six Sigma; Industry 4.0; manufacturing; LSSI4; sustainable developmental goals; SAP-LAP analysis; sustainability; supply chain management.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2024.10068848
   
  
• Blockchain technology as a means of facilitating exports  
  by Daiane Rodrigues Dos Santos 
  Abstract: Disruptive technologies will play a pivotal role in enhancing and streamlining international trade in the coming decades, with blockchain technology emerging as one of the most promising in this context. A search using the keywords ‘blockchain’ and ‘international trade’ in the lens.org platform identified 4794 patent applications, revealing a significant increase in patent filings from 2015 to 2023. The analysis highlights key patents, such as “methods, apparatuses, and devices for verifying authenticity of cross-border transactions”, which enhance the security and reliability of international transactions through blockchain. The study also examines the top patent classifications and jurisdictions, with the USA leading in patent filings, followed by WIPO and European Patents. The study concludes that blockchain technology holds the potential to promote a paradigm shift in the business domain, particularly in export operations, and foster cooperation in the supply chain, positioning itself as an innovation for international trade.
  Keywords: blockchain technology; export operations; supply chain management; traceability; intelligent contracts; cost optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10070318
   
  
• AI in agile: a systematic review of purposes, benefits, and challenges  
  by Ruba Almuwayshir, Fazal-e-Amin  
  Abstract: Agile software development (ASD) is renowned for its flexibility, rapid iteration, and emphasis on user feedback. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there is growing interest in exploring how AI can further enhance ASD practices. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to identify AI applications that can help improve Agile processes. This study also investigates the integration of AI into ASD, focusing on its purposes, challenges, and opportunities. In a multi-phased process, 1784 documents were gathered and examined. Thirty-three papers satisfied the inclusion and quality assessment requirements. A total of six different AI applications were identified, of which machine learning (ML) was the one predominantly used. AI techniques’ purposes, benefits, and challenges were identified and discussed. This review contributes to academic and practical discussions by comprehensively analysing current trends and future directions at the intersection of AI and Agile development.
  Keywords: ASD; Agile software development; machine learning in agile; automation in agile processes; NLP in agile; agile processes.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10070594
   
  
• Multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling problem with payment periods to maximise the net present value: a case study  
  by Mahmoud DarvishNezhad, Seyed Farzad Hosseini, Hasan Zareei, Roya Soltani 
  Abstract: This paper proposes a multi-mode project scheduling model considering renewable resources, capital constraints, and discounted cash flows. By assigning different execution modes to the activities, the project’s net present value (NPV) is maximised based on various cash flow models. The research introduces three event-based cash flow models. In two of these models, cash payments are made at the beginning and end of the activity, respectively, while in the third model, payments occur at regular intervals from the start to the conclusion of the activities. A deterministic method, a heuristic method, and a metaheuristic genetic algorithm are developed to address the problem at hand. A case study examines projects from the Sarkhun and Qeshm Gas Refinery in Iran to implement the proposed models. Data from ten projects are analysed and tested in real dimensions. Computational results indicate that the metaheuristic method achieves a higher NPV compared to the heuristic method.
  Keywords: discounted cash flows; genetic algorithm; NPV; net present value; project scheduling.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10071019
   
  
• M-Probability: a modified probability approach for multi-criteria decision making  
  by Do Duc Trung, Nguyen Van Thien, Hoang Tien Dung, Nazli Ersoy 
  Abstract: One of the prominent multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques utilised for ranking alternatives is the probability method. However, the probability method has limitations: it cannot be applied when the decision matrix includes a profit criterion with negative values for certain alternatives, or when the sum of this criterion’s values across all alternatives is zero. To address these limitations, this study introduces a modified version of the Probability method, called M-Probability. By altering certain formulas, M-probability overcomes the restrictions inherent in the original approach. The efficacy of M-Probability has been rigorously tested through comparisons with other MCDM methods across five case studies, analysing over 250 output scenarios through comparative and sensitivity analyses. The results consistently demonstrated that M-Probability achieves a high level of accuracy. M-Probability method represents a significant advancement, providing a more robust and accurate decision-making tool that effectively circumvents the shortcomings of the original method.
  Keywords: MCDM; multi-criteria decision making; probability method; M-Probability method; modified probability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10071492
   
  
• Impact of lean manufacturing viz. quality control tools on performance improvement of manufacturing industry: a case study  
  by Rajesh Kumar, Ashwini Kumar, Rajender Kumar 
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to control quality of the falling and loose cover of rain tunnel light sensor (RTLS) of product in manufacturing organisation. QC tools including fishbone diagram has been prepare to analyse root cause of the problem, and preventive and corrective actions are taken to remove the problem. Rejection of the product was found out be 7 products per day. Cover was falling out of limits and root cause of the problem has been analysed to ascertain the benefits occurred. Major in-house rejection and customer complaints were there. Seven steps have been followed to remove the problem and achieving different benefits.
  Keywords: fishbone diagram; rejection; root cause analysis; RTLS; rain tunnel light sensor; quality tool; T-test; Why-why analysis; capacity planning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10071495
   
  
• An adapted agile approach for KPIs identification and process improvement: a COVID-19 case study  
  by Nesrine Missaoui, Emna Ammar, Asma Mejri, Khaoula Sayeb, Nadia Ben Lasfar, Wissem Hachfi, Amel Letaief, Amina Haouas, Oumaima Bhiri, Ahmed Maalel, Henda Hajjami Ben Ghezala, Sonia Ayachi Ghannouchi 
  Abstract: The paper presents an approach to enhancing business processes by bringing together agile methodologies, process improvement and key performance indicators (KPIs). The proposed approach simplifies the identification and measurement of KPIs within an agile framework, by presenting the way improvement can be carried out within agile projects and the role of artefact reuse in ensuring an effective and a continuous improvement of processes. Additionally, it addresses a gap in existing research by providing a comprehensive methodology for exploiting agility and process improvement initiatives. A case study conducted in a Tunisian public hospital, focusing on the treatment process for COVID-19 patients, demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the approach in facilitating the improvement of a process using KPIs and managing crisis situations using agile approach.
  Keywords: agile approach; process improvement; KPI; key performance indicator; process performance; artefact reuse; scrum method; COVID-19.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10071496
   
  
• Does digital transformation enhance individual performance in public sector? Practitioners’ standpoint  
  by Suganthi Naikkar Subramaniam, Magiswary Dorasamy, C.A. Malarvizhi 
  Abstract: Digital transformation (DT) is a continuous process that involves businesses adapting their operations, products, and procedures to benefit from digital technology. The public sector is under pressure to quickly change to maintain its credibility, but this transformation has been hindered by factors such as slow response, bureaucracy, and financial constraints. This study aims to explore the challenges affecting individual performance in the digital transformation of the public sector from the perspective of practitioners. Interviews with various background personnel in the Malaysian public sector revealed that some of the challenges faced by practitioners include a lack of knowledge and skills, resistance to change, ineffective time management, lack of motivation, and a lack of a digital mindset. These challenges will be incorporated into the existing theory of employee dynamic capability to address the challenges faced by public sector employees in the digital transformation process and adopt a new working culture.
  Keywords: digital transformation; public sector; individual performance; practitioner; resistance; digital mindset; motivation; knowledge; skills; time management; employee dynamic capability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10071697
   
  
• The effectiveness of agile practices on project success factors  
  by Mmule Madumo, Carl Marnewick, Kwete Mwana Nyandongo 
  Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness and challenges of agile practices in IT project management. Using a survey of agile practitioners, the research highlights five key practices: team communication, coding standards, iterative planning, sprint planning, and sprints. Interestingly, practices like pair programming and code refactoring, often considered less important, showed strong performance - suggesting a mismatch between perceived value and actual impact. The findings reveal positive correlations between agile practices and project success factors. For example, sprint backlogs improve documentation, and code ownership enhances several success metrics. Continuous integration, integration testing, and usability testing also strengthen project leadership and overall outcomes. The study emphasises the importance of clear documentation, well-defined criteria, code ownership, and rigorous testing in boosting efficiency, accountability, and quality in agile environments.
  Keywords: agile methodologies; traditional project management; project management; agile project management; project success.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10072429
   
  
• System design of behavioural change platform service for health promotion using digital healthcare technologies  
  by Shingo Kawai, Masako Toriya, Tetsuya Toma 
  Abstract: Raising healthy life expectancy is an urgent issue in super-ageing societies. To promote people’s health at national and municipal levels, a social system is needed to achieve behaviour change. This study conducted an indepth system design of a novel behavioural change platform (BCPF) service that promotes behavioural changes through the support of the surroundings. First, to identify the system associated with each service provider in the BCPF service, the authors analysed Level 2 diagrams using the object process methodology. Second, customer value chain analysis was performed to visibly and logically identify primary stakeholders and value streams. Finally, to describe the dynamic behaviour of BCPF service, system dynamics simulation was conducted. Through a comprehensive examination of the relationships between parameters sensitive to the number of BCPF service users, the analysis revealed the number of users can increase to more than 10% of the total population within three years.
  Keywords: behavioural change; digital healthcare; platform service; systems engineering; stakeholder value creation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10072431
   
  
• Assessing the role of digital literacy proficiency in enhancing employability in the modern workforce  
  by Chow Poh Ling, Phuah Kit Teng, Amy Yeo Chu May 
  Abstract: Digitalisation stimulates economic growth and plays a key role in driving positive changes. Future job opportunities are expected to focus on high-skill, knowledge-based roles, including advanced managerial and technical positions. Although extensive research exists on digital literacy’s benefits in education and organisations, there is limited empirical investigation into its impact on employability. This study examines the relationship between digital skills and employability. A questionnaire was distributed to 206 purposively selected respondents, and multiple regression analysis was used to test the proposed relationships. Findings highlight the importance of attitude, media literacy, and visual literacy in enhancing employability and suggest that policy interventions could help address digital skills gaps. The study recommends evaluating soft skills, such as adaptability, problem-solving, and communication, alongside digital literacy, and examining how the combination of technical and interpersonal skills influences employability.
  Keywords: career advancement; digital literacy; employment opportunities; labour market.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10072618
   
  
• Implementing agile governance: frameworks for decision-making and control  
  by P.K. Dutta, Arvind Kumar Bhardwaj, Pradeep Chintale, Subir Gupta 
  Abstract: The boundaries of historical hierarchical governance were revealed by the recent turbulence in technology-driven markets. The effectiveness of Agile Governance across the organisation is explored in this study that employs a combination of Scrum’s time-based sprints and Kanban’s flow-oriented boards. According to a quantitative study, Spotify and Salesforce’s deployment-based analytics reveal that lead time, cycle time (including email automation), or customer satisfaction index leads to release cadence speeds of 38%, customer retention rates (22%), and decision making latency improvements of 38%. A culture of transparency and continuous improvement is supported by qualitative data from 46 stakeholder interviews and 12 retrospective sessions. The paper argues for sector-specific adaptations and AI-enabled analytics to mature Agile Governance and sustain value delivery. Findings position Agile Governance as a strategic cornerstone for resilient, high-velocity enterprises navigating volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) landscapes. Further research will refine maturity models, quantify costbenefit trade-offs, and benchmark adoption patterns across regulated industries worldwide.
  Keywords: agile governance; decision-making; agile frameworks; scrum; Kanban; agile controls; agile metrics; business agility.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10072619
   
  
• The effect of task, team and technology on performance in agile virtual teams: an empirical study using PLS-SEM  
  by Ali El Idrissi, Mohamed Amine Marhraoui, Mohamed Fourka 
  Abstract: Agile principles suggest face-to-face conversation as an effective way of communication. Covid-19 lockdowns forced many agile teams to work remotely. Agile virtual teams (AVTs) combine agility with the reliance on technological tools to collaborate. Remote working, when adequately implemented, can bring a better value creation for stakeholders such as time, cost, and stress reduction. The literature review is limited and lacks both qualitative and quantitative studies explaining performance in AVTs. A conceptual model named ‘C3T’ was elaborated to identify factors impacting performance in AVTs. This model was tested through a quantitative approach using structural equations modelling. Data was collected from 149 participants through an online questionnaire. This study is one of the few ones which quantitatively analyse agility in virtual settings. It provides some practical insights regarding complexity, trust building, and technology adoption in AVTs. Other factors, such as motivation, conflicts, and cultural diversity, can be included in future studies.
  Keywords: virtual teams; agility; AVT; agile virtual teams; task complexity; team experience; technology use; team performance; quantitative approach; PLS-SEM.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2025.10072621
   
  
• Digital technology mapping in sustainable food supply chain: a bibliometric analysis  
  by Dini Hamidin, Munir , Asep Wahyudin, Puspo Dewi Dirgantari 
  Abstract: As people become more aware of the need for a better living; the demand for a sustainable food supply chain grows. To establish this system; industrial technology 4.0 is a driving force. This bibliometric analysis study sought to cluster the relationship between technology and sustainable food supply chain; and to identify the thematic keywords related to sustainable food supply chain. The data used were obtained from the Scopus database from the last 10 years. This study employed bibliometric analysis research procedures. The analysis was conducted based on trends; authors; countries; and journals while cluster analysis was conducted utilising Excel; VOSviewer; and Tableau applications. The findings successfully mapped digital technology in five clusters. Thus; each technology and development direction of each cluster can be identified properly to realise the sustainable food supply chain.
  Keywords: digital technology; technology mapping; food supply chain; sustainable; bibliometric analysis.