International Journal of Global Warming (18 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Impacts of Climate Mitigation Actions on Crop Yields in South Asia  
  by Lishuai Zhao, Fekadu Tadege Kobe, Zhihua Zhang, M. James C. Crabbe, Hao Zhang 
  Abstract: Under simultaneous pressures from explosive population growth, outdated agricultural facilities and constrained arable land, South Asia is facing mounting challenges in food security. In this study, we investigate yield changes of major crops (maize, rice, soybean and wheat) in four agro-ecological zones of South Asia under three future emission scenarios. We find that strong climate mitigation actions in the future would have consistent damage crop yields by 9.6%-31.4% in the poorest Northwest region of South Asia and have very diverse impacts on crop yields with ranging from -15.1% to 6.2% for the Ganges Plain, the Indus Plain and the Deccan Plateau, in particular, such actions would damage annual mean rice yield by 8.3%-15.1% while benefiting annual mean maize yield by 5.3%-6.2% in the 21st century. These findings give valuable insights into the sustainable development of South Asia and enable mitigation of food security challenges in the whole 21st century
  Keywords: Climate Change Impacts; Crop yields; Agro-ecological zones; South Asia.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10075810
   
  
• Analysis of Carbon Emissions in China's Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus: a Perspective of Time and Space, Decomposition and Decoupling  
  by Hao Lu, Wenzhuo Sun, Qinwei Wang, Long Sun 
  Abstract: The study aims to analyse carbon emissions in China's manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus from 2012 to 2022. By constructing an accounting model and applying the LMDI and Tapio models, the study found that the industry's carbon emissions depend heavily on purchased electricity, which accounts for nearly 90% of total emissions, and that their geographical distribution was highly concentrated in Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces. Economic growth was the primary driver of the increase in carbon emissions, leading to a deterioration in the decoupling between carbon emissions and economic development, from strong decoupling to expansive negative decoupling.
  Keywords: carbon emission; manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus; LMDI model; Tapio model.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076013
   
  
• Analysis of In-River Flood Measures on Flood Risk and Stream Ecosystem by Paired-Watershed Approach: a Case Study  
  by Hurem Dutal 
  Abstract: This study investigated the effects of small-sized in-river flood control structures on both flood susceptibility and stream ecosystems using the paired-watershed approach in Turkiye. Differences in daily streamflows among the pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment periods were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effects of flood control structures on the stream ecosystem were evaluated using the low flow and flashiness indicators, whereas their impact on flood susceptibility was assessed using high flow. The results showed that flood susceptibility increased by 19.8%, while low flows increased by 13.4% and flashiness decreased by 6% after the flood control measures.
  Keywords: flood risk; small-sized in-river structures; weir; paired-watershed; streamflow; low flows; Türkiye.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076016
   
  
• Coordinated Development of Carbon Emissions, Energy, and Financial Sustainable Growth Based on Fuzzy System Theory  
  by Lisha Zheng 
  Abstract: Aiming at goal conflicts and uncertainties in the coordinated development of carbon emissions, energy, and financially sustainable growth, this study integrates triangular fuzzy numbers (to address uncertainties from incomplete data/subjective judgment), the analytic hierarchy process (AHP, to determine indicator weights), and a coordination degree model to build a comprehensive evaluation model. Taking City S as an example, its coordination index increased from 0.46 to 0.81 between 2018 and 2024. Green finance and renewable energy are key drivers, while carbon emission control and energy efficiency are bottlenecks that require support to address related issues.
  Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Financial Sustainability; Coordinated Development; Triangular Fuzzy Numbers; Analytic Hierarchy Process.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076019
   
  
• Optimisation of Multi-Source Meteorological Data Fusion Algorithms Based on Artificial Intelligence  
  by Yingkui Yang, Hongliang Han, Chao Li, Yang Dong 
  Abstract: Frequent extreme weather events demand high-resolution forecasts, yet current multi-source fusion models struggle with small-scale accuracy. This study aligns multi-source meteorological data via timestamp synchronization and spatial interpolation, then employs a multi-scale CNN to capture both local precipitation disturbances (small kernels) and large-scale atmospheric circulation (large kernels). A self-attention mechanism strengthens extreme weather signals, while a GNN-based fusion subnetwork models cross-source associations. A multi-task loss further enhances prediction accuracy and spatiotemporal consistency. Experiments show clear advantages: the proposed method achieves lower MAE (0.25 vs. 0.68, 0.49, 0.35 for baselines), higher spatial consistency (0.96), extreme event recognition (>0.9), and strong correlation (0.983), demonstrating its effectiveness in high-resolution small-scale extreme weather prediction.
  Keywords: Multi-Source Meteorological Data Fusion; Artificial Intelligence; Deep Convolutional Network; Attention Mechanism; Extreme Weather Prediction.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076108
   
  
• A Study on Optimising the Green Coverage of Low-Carbon Building Landscapes Using Deep Learning Algorithms  
  by Yuyao Zhang, Jiahao Zhang 
  Abstract: This study proposes a boundary-cross supervised segmentation network (BCS-SegNet) for accurate green coverage segmentation in urban street view images. Integrating decoupled residual self-attention and boundary cross-supervision, BCS-SegNet outperforms models like R-CNN, U-Net, and TransUNet in mIoU and dice coefficients. The method supports low-carbon building landscape optimisation by precisely quantifying green view rates, offering a robust tool for urban green planning.
  Keywords: Deep Learning; Building landscapes; SegNet; Green visual index.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076109
   
  
• Discussion on Indoor Environment Optimisation and Low-Carbon Ener-gy-Saving Strategies Based on Machine Learning  
  by Mengqi Shen 
  Abstract: Building energy consumption accounts for a significant proportion of global energy use, necessitating efficient and intelligent control strategies. Traditional rule-based methods suffer from limited adaptability, while data-driven ap-proaches face challenges in generalization. This study proposes the Machine Learning-Based Indoor Environment Control System (MIECS), integrating reinforcement learning, deep learning, and edge computing within a three-layer architecture. By modeling device-environment interactions using heterogeneous graphs, MIECS enhances sample efficiency and convergence speed. Experimental results demonstrate a 23.7% reduction in energy consumption and an 18.5% improvement in user comfort compared to conventional methods, offering a scalable and adaptive solution for intelligent building management.
  Keywords: Indoor Environment Optimisation; Machine Learning; Reinforcement Learning; Energy Efficiency; Smart Building Control.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076112
   
  
• Impact of the Carbon Trading Market on the Energy Economy and E-commerce Enterprise Operations  
  by Guangbo Lin, Shanyu Chen, Ninggui Duan 
  Abstract: To address fragmented carbon management caused by the lack of a unified quota mechanism and decentralised accounting standards for e-commerce, this study constructs a dynamic carbon source accounting model that integrates the spatio-temporal correlation algorithm (STCA), the extended vehicle routing problem (E-VRP), and the Kalman filter. STCA matches e-commerce orders with logistics routes; E-VRP optimises transportation to reduce per-order emissions; the Kalman filter dynamically corrects regional power grid emission factors. The model addresses accounting distortions caused by data volatility and missing values in static methods, enabling accurate, real-time carbon flow tracking across electricity and logistics systems.
  Keywords: Carbon Trading; Energy Economy; Electronic Commerce; Carbon Accounting; Dynamic Model.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076296
   
  
• Low Carbon Planning Model for the Development of Distributed Green Energy Industry Under the Background of Urban Digital Transformation  
  by Wei Liu, Wenxia Tong 
  Abstract: This paper proposes a digital twin-driven carbon flow dynamic planning framework (DT-CFDP) to align multi-source real-time data with static low-carbon urban planning. Integrating city information modelling (CIM), real-time data fusion, proximal policy optimisation and extended Kalman filter-based calibration, DT-CFDP enables 5-minute adaptive energy scheduling under carbon intensity constraints. Validated on five pilot cities (20202023), it reduces carbon emissions per unit GDP by 32.34% versus LEAP, MPC, and DQN baselines, improves response time by 32.8%, reduces lifecycle costs by 18.7%, and maintains 69.30% median renewable penetration, offering a real-time, adaptive low-carbon planning approach for urban green energy systems.
  Keywords: Smart City; Renewable Energy; Low Carbon Planning; Digital Twin; Reinforcement Learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076618
   
  
• Evaluation of Porous Aluminum Materials Used in Crash Boxes in Automobiles with AHP-BORDA in terms of Sustainable Production  
  by Samet K?rm?z?tepe, Nil Toplan, Alparslan Serhat Demir 
  Abstract: Today, the increase in global warming caused the automotive industry to develop more sustainable, lightweight and safe components, leading to rise in environmental concerns. Crash boxes, especially in the front the vehicle parts, are critical to ensuring passenger safety, absorbing energy in the event of an impact. In this study, aluminum-based porous materials were evaluated in terms of sustainable production for use in crash boxes using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and BORDA methods. The results obtained by the AHP-BORDA methods reveal that Sintered Porous Aluminum was determined as the most suitable material in terms of environmental sustainability.
  Keywords: Sustainable Production; Emission;Automotive;Crash Boxes;AHP;BORDA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076829
   
  
• Accurate Calculation Model for Carbon Sequestration Efficiency of Urban Green Spaces by Integrating Lidar and Multispectral Images  
  by Qianhe Xiang 
  Abstract: Accurately measuring urban green space carbon sequestration efficiency is challenging due to the limitations of single remote sensing sources. This paper proposes the dual-modality-collaborative sensing network (DM-CSN), integrating LiDAR and multispectral imagery. Using CNNs for feature extraction and a cross-modal transformer attention module for dynamic fusion, the model optimises contribution weights for carbon sink estimation. Experimental results demonstrate high precision, with an R2 of 0.89 and RMSE of 0.17 kg C/(m2
  Keywords: LiDAR-Multispectral Fusion; Urban Green Space; Carbon Sequestration Efficiency; DM-CSN Model; Cross-Modal Attention.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10076839
   
  
• Towards Carbon Neutrality in Higher Education: Carbon Emission Accounting and Mitigation Pathways in a Chinese University Campus  
  by Zifan Cheng, Yufei Yang Chen, Yu Xiao, Tingting Hu, Jingqi Deng, Yusen Duan, Min Zhao, Dungang Gu, Jiaqi Lu 
  Abstract: This study develops a campus-scale carbon accounting framework based on the emission factor method and applies it to a representative university campus in Shanghai, China, to quantify emission sources and assess decarbonisation pathways. Total emissions in 2023 amounted to 14625.65 tCO2-eq, primarily from electricity, natural gas, and wastes. Existing mitigation measures delivered 4035.21 tCO2-eq of carbon offsets through vegetation sinks, recycling, and rooftop photovoltaics. Scenario analyses integrating campus-level mitigation measures with power-system decarbonisation pathways reveal strong synergies among coordinated interventions, enabling a feasible transition toward low- and zero-carbon campuses. The framework provides transferable insights for university carbon neutrality strategies and contributes to broader decarbonisation efforts in the urban environment.
  Keywords: Campus carbon emissions; Carbon emission accounting; Carbon neutrality pathways; Carbon offset; Decarbonisation of power grid; Emission factor method; University sustainability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077156
   
  
• Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emission Comparison of Conventional and Hybrid Vehicles Using Data-Based Models and ECMS  
  by Zeynep Burcu Acunas, Ovun Isin, Ozgun Balci 
  Abstract: In this study, data was obtained via the OBD2 output of a sample hybrid vehicle. Then, electric motor, battery, and internal combustion engine (ICE) maps were created. Vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 emission results over NEDC cycle and a local route were compared between conventional vehicle model equipped with spark ignition engine and hybrid vehicle model with ECMS energy management, developed in Matlab/Simulink environment. Vehicle fuel consumption decreased by 7.59% with the ECMS controlled hybrid system over the NEDC cycle, and by 12.03% under the local route conditions. Similar significant improvements obtained in CO2 emission results as well.
  Keywords: Hybrid vehicle; ECMS; CO2; fuel consumption.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077159
   
  
• Heterogeneous Dynamic Relationship between Urban Expansion and Carbon Emissions in China  
  by Xiaoqiang Zheng, Mengyue Li 
  Abstract: Urban expansion increases carbon emissions, but its dynamic relationship under heterogeneous conditions remains unclear. This study discusses the drivers and decoupling paths of carbon emissions in cities with different expansion types. The analysis indicates that the contribution levels and offset effects of the driving factors explained the carbon emission differences among city types, with faster urban expansion amplifying these effects. The level of economic development was the primary factor that inhibited the decoupling across different city types, while output carbon intensity and per capita GDP were the key drivers. These insights support tailored low-carbon strategies and collaborative mitigation efforts.
  Keywords: urban expansion; carbon emissions; Theil index; decomposition analysis; decoupling analysis.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077196
   
  
• Assessment of Environmental Impacts in Travertine Mining with Life Cycle Approach  
  by Beyzanur Uzuntaş, Burcu Onat, Murat Yilmaz 
  Abstract: Natural stones like travertine play a vital role in construction, cladding, and architecture, contributing to both economic development and sustainability. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of producing 1 m3 of travertine blocks using life cycle assessment (LCA) at a quarry in Denizli, western Turkiye. The system boundary was defined from cradle to gate, including extraction, cutting, and transportation stages. The LCA was conducted using GaBi Education 8.0 and the CML-2001 method, covering eleven impact categories, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). The GWP for producing 1 m3 of travertine was 32.6 kg CO2 eq, primarily due to electricity use during cutting and diesel consumption in transport. Scenarios using solar and wind energy reduced the GWP to 7.18 and 6.03 kg CO2 eq, respectively, demonstrating the strong potential of renewable energy to minimise environmental impacts in the natural stone industry.
  Keywords: Natural stone mining; travertine; life cycle assessment; environmental impact.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077321
   
  
• Farmland and plane (Platanus orientalis L.) stand accumulated more phytolith-occluded organic carbon in the ancient Yellow River channel  
  by Xinru Gu, Baoxian Tao, Yuqing Jiang, Shijun Zhu 
  Abstract: Response of phytolith-occluded organic carbon (PhytOC) to different land use types remains unclear. Since the 1950s, the ancient Yellow River channel (ACYR) has been converted into farmland (FL), forest (dominated by species such as Sophora japonica L, Populus nigra, Fraxinus chinensis, and Platanus orientalis L. (PO), etc), and orchard. This study firstly identified the land use types associated with the greatest soil PhytOC storage in the AYRC. Results showed that FL and PO exhibited the largest soil PhytOC storage. Firstly, the substantial PhytOC storage in the aboveground litter layer of FL and PO enhanced the return of PhytOC to the soil. Secondly, elevated concentrations of soil Si fractions in FL and PO may promote the phytolith production, while increased concentrations of soil amorphous iron oxide may inhibit the phytolith dissolution. Overall, these findings suggest that FL and PO are conducive to the PhytOC accumulation in the ACYR.
  Keywords: Phytolith-occluded organic carbon; soil Si fractions; land use types; sandy land; ancient Yellow River channel.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077414
   
  
• Enhancing Rainfall Data Homogenisation in Mountainous Basins, Vietnam: a Case Study of Da River Basin  
  by Tran Khac Thac, Nguyen Tien Thanh, Nguyen Hoang Son, Vu Thi Minh Hue 
  Abstract: Reliable rainfall data are essential for hydrological studies in mountainous basins with sparse monitoring networks such as the Da River Basin (DRB). This study evaluates the homogeneity and consistency of long-term rainfall records from 16 stations over the period 19812022. Double mass curves and six statistical homogeneity tests were applied at a 95% confidence level, followed by data adjustment using quantile mapping. Results show that 25% of stations exhibit significant inhomogeneity. The adjustment effectively improves data consistency, providing a reliable rainfall dataset for hydrological and climate-related applications in the DRB.
  Keywords: Homogeneity testing; DRB; quantile mapping.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077426
   
  
• Embodied Carbon Emissions Patterns and Industrial Chain Pathways in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region  
  by Juan Tan, Jinyu Wei 
  Abstract: This paper analyzes embodied carbon flows across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region using an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model coupled with structural path analysis. By tracking CO2 emissions across seven aggregate sectors during 20172020, this study reveals a pronounced production-consumption asymmetry: production-based emissions increased by 153.2 Mt CO2 while consumption-based emissions decreased by 75.5 Mt, with Hebei identified as the principal net carbon exporter. Traditional heavy industry accounts for over 50% of embodied transfers, and approximately two-thirds of emissions originate in first-stage supply chains. An inter-regional shared accountability framework for coordinated emission reduction is proposed.
  Keywords: embodied carbon; MRIO; structural path analysis; supply-chain emissions; industrial transformation; regional climate governance.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.10077445