International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing (38 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Recommendation system based on space-time user similarity
  by Wei Luo, Zhihao Peng, Ansheng Deng 
  Abstract: With the advent of 5G, the way people get information and the means of information transmission have become more and more important. As the main platform of information transmission, social media not only brings convenience to people's lives, but also generates huge amounts of redundant information because of the speed of information updating. In order to meet the personalised needs of users and enable users to find interesting information in a large volume of data, recommendation systems emerged as the times require. Recommendation systems, as an important tool to help users to filter internet information, play an extremely important role in both academia and industry. The traditional recommendation system assumes that all users are independent. In this paper, in order to improve the prediction accuracy, a recommendation system based on space-time user similarity is proposed. The experimental results on Sina Weibo dataset show that, compared with the traditional collaborative filtering recommendation system based on user similarity, the proposed method has better performance in precision, recall and F-measure evaluation value.
  Keywords: time-based user similarity; space-based user similarity; recommendation system; user preference; collaborative filtering.
  
  
• Design and analysis of novel hybrid load-balancing algorithm for cloud data centres  
  by Ajay Dubey, Vimal Mishra 
  Abstract: In recent the pandemic scenario there is a paradigm shift, from traditional computing to internet-based computing. Now is the time to store and compute the data in the cloud environment. The Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) establish and maintain a huge shared pool of computing resources that provide scalable and on-demand services around the clock without geographical restrictions. The cloud customers are able to access the services and pay according to the accession of resources. When millions of users across the globe connect to the cloud for their storage and computational needs, there might be issues such as delay in services. This problem is associated with load balancing in cloud computing. Hence, there is a need to develop effective load-balancing algorithms. The Novel Hybrid Load Balancing (NHLB) algorithm proposed in this paper manages the load of the virtual machine in the data centre. This paper is focused on certain problems such as optimisation of performance, maximum throughput, minimisation of makespan, and efficient resource use in load balancing. The NHLB algorithm is more efficient than conventional load-balancing algorithms with reduced completion time (makespan) and response time. This algorithm equally distributes the tasks among the virtual machines on the basis of the current state of the virtual machines and the task time required. The paper compares the result of proposed NHLB algorithm with dynamic load-balancing algorithm and honeybee algorithm. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is better than the dynamic and honeybee algorithms.
  Keywords: cloud computing; data centre; load balancing; virtual machine; makespan; performance optimisation.
  
  
• Data collection in underwater wireless sensor networks: performance evaluation of FBR and epidemic routing protocols for node density and area shape  
  by Elis Kulla 
  Abstract: Data collection in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) is not a trivial problem, because of unpredictable delays and unstable links between underwater devices. Moreover, when nodes are mobile, continuous connectivity is not guaranteed. Therefore, data collection in UWSN Node scarcity and movement patterns create different environments for data collection in underwater communication. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the area shape and node density in UWSN, by comparing Focused Beam Routing (FBR) and Epidemic Routing (ER) protocols. Furthermore, we also analyse the correlation between different performance metrics. From simulation results we found that when using FBR, delay and delivery probability slightly decrease (2.1%) but the overhead ratio decreases noticeably (46.9%). The correlation between performance metrics is stronger for square area shape, and is not noticeable for deep area shape.
  Keywords: underwater wireless sensor networks; focused beam routing; delay tolerant network; area shape; node density; data collection.
  
  
• Joint end-to-end recognition deep network and data augmentation for industrial mould number recognition  
  by RuiMing Li, ChaoJun Dong, JiaCong Chen, YiKui Zhai 
  Abstract: With the booming manufacturing industry, the significance of mould management is increasing. At present, manual management is gradually eliminated owing to need for a large amount of labour, while the effect of a radiofrequency identification (RFID) system is not ideal, which is limited by the characteristics of the metal, such as rust and erosion. Fortunately, the rise of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) brings down to the solution of mould management from the perspective of images that management by identifying the digital number on the mould. Yet there is no trace of a public database for mould recognition, and there is no special recognition method in this field. To address this problem, this paper first presents a novel data set aiming to support the CNN training. The images in the database are collected in the real scene and finely manually labelled, which can train an effective recognition model and generalise to the actual scenario. Besides, we combined the mainstream text spotter and the data augmentation specifically designed for the real world, and found that it has a considerable effect on mould recognition.
  Keywords: mould recognition database; text spotter; mould recognition; data augmentation.
  
  
• University ranking approach with bibliometrics and augmented social perception data  
  by Kittayaporn Chantaranimi, Rattasit Sukhahuta, Juggapong Natwichai 
  Abstract: Typically, universities aim to achieve a high position in ranking systems for their reputation. However, self-evaluating rankings could be costly because the indicators are not only from bibliometrics, but also the results of over a thousand surveys. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to estimate university rankings based on traditional data, i.e., bibliometrics, and non-traditional data, i.e., Altmetric Attention Score, and Sustainable Development Goals indicators. Our approach estimates subject-areas rankings in Arts & Humanities, Engineering & Technology, Life Sciences & Medicine, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences & Management. Then, by using Spearman rank-order correlation and overlapping rate, our results are evaluated by comparing with the QS subject ranking. From the result, our approach, particularly the top-10 ranking, performed estimating effectively and then could assist stakeholders in estimating the university's position when the survey is not available.
  Keywords: university ranking; rank similarity; bibliometrics; augmented social perception data; sustainable development goals; Altmetrics.
  
  
• Strongly correlated high utility item-sets recommendation in e-commerce applications using EGUI-tree over data stream  
  by P. Amaranatha Reddy, M. H. M. Krishna Prasad, S. Rao Chintalapudi 
  Abstract: The product recommendation feature helps the customers to select the right items in e-commerce applications. Grounded on a similar kind of customer purchase history previously, it recommends the items to the customers. The customers may or may not choose from the recommended items list. Suppose the customers like and purchase them, it is added advantage to both the buyers and the sellers. In sellers' sales, they get the benefit of an increase; in addition, the buyers too can save their time to search. Thus, a recommendation system must be designed so that the suggested items have High Utility (HU) and strong correlation to meet such requirements. High profit is exhibited by the HU items and the strongly correlated items have more probability of selection. As these measurements have significant roles in the business process, both of those measurements of items needed to be taken care. Here, since up-to-date data in the data stream are got, the stream of purchase transactions is mined using the sliding window technique to extract such item-sets.
  Keywords: high utility item-set mining; recommendation system; utility; correlation; data stream; sliding window.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2023.10057772
   
  
• Enhancing fruit farming efficiency through IoT-driven soil moisture analysis and classifier ensemble  
  by Chinmayee Senapati, Swagatika Senapati, Satyaprakash Swain 
  Abstract: Effective soil moisture management is a key to optimising fruit farming productivity. This research work model integrates IoT devices, clustering techniques, PCA and ensemble learning to enhance soil moisture classification for crops like pomegranate, mulberry, mango, grapes, ragi and potato. Among various classifiers tested, the Random Forest model demonstrated superior accuracy. However, a stacked Random Forest-SVM model further improved accuracy to 94.65%. This research underscores the importance of IoT-driven data and machine learning in precision agriculture, demonstrating how advanced techniques can refine soil moisture management. By optimising soil moisture, we directly enhance nutrient availability, root development, and water uptake, leading to better crop yield, quality and sustainability. This approach highlights the synergy between technology and machine learning, advancing sustainable and efficient fruit cultivation
  Keywords: IoT; PCA; NBM; RBF; K-star; RF; SVM; KNN; GNB; DT; clustering.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10066245
   
  
• Optimising DNNs for load forecasting: the power of hyperparameter tuning  
  by Faisal Mehmood Butt, Seong-O Shim, Safa Habibullah, Abdulwahab Ali Almazroi, Lal Hussain, Umair Ahmed Salaria 
  Abstract: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of deep learning for electricity demand forecasting across various timescales Interestingly, the optimal network structures differed depending on the prediction horizon We explored configurations with varying numbers of neurons (similar to adjusting hidden layer units) For one-day forecasts, a double hidden layer network with ReLU and sigmoid activation functions achieved the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4 23%, with just 4 neurons in the hidden layers In contrast, a single hidden layer with ReLU activation and 6 neurons yielded the best MAPE of 1 95% for one-week forecasts For longer timescales,more complex architectures were necessary The one-month forecast achieved a MAPE of 2 78% with a double ReLU-sigmoid network and 12 neurons in the hidden layers Even three-month forecasts, a challenging task, were tackled effectively by a double ReLU network with 10 neurons, resulting in a MAPE of 2 75%.
  Keywords: optimisation; ReLU; rectified linear unit; convolutional neural; networks; deep neural networks; signature function; neurons; layers.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10067738
   
  
• Low-powered IoT device for monitoring dementia patients using A9G module and ESP32 C3 MCU in cloud environment  
  by Kumar Saurabh, Manish Madhava Tripathi, Satyasundara Mahapatra 
  Abstract: As the growing age of world's population, more and more people are affected by a disease known as dementia that causes gradual mental decline. Owing to this, not only the patient but also the caregiver's personal life and health system faces challenges. To keep the system smart, an intelligent monitoring system is needed. Development of an optimised IoT device with the latest sensors and microcontrollers which stores the data in cloud environment in systematic manner is the basic objective. This research presents a methodology which optimizes a normal monitoring device into advanced IoT system using A9G Module and ESP32 C3 MCU. After the optimisation, the evaluation of the device is based on various qualitative parameters and overall effectiveness in real-world applications. The findings suggest that while simple IoT devices offer indoor monitoring, the proposed device provide comprehensive monitoring which enhance the patient safety and caregiver peace of mind.
  Keywords: dementia; efficient utilisation; IoT based monitoring; patient care; data analysis; privacy; wearable devices.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10067985
   
  
• Innovative edge computing-driven recognition of cardiac monitoring application  
  by R. Kishore Kanna, Rajendar Sandiri, Biswajit Brahma, Bhawani Sankar Panigrahi, Susanta Kumar Sahoo, Rajitha Ala 
  Abstract: Cardiac disease has been emerged as a significant global health concern. The incidence of cardiac arrests has been steadily rising. The mortality rate for abrupt cardiac arrest is high. Continuous monitoring of an individual's physical condition has the potential to save up to 60% of human lives. Lately, the Internet of Things has been gaining traction as a very promising technology. If the doctor is unable to directly see the patient, The IoT executes a vital part in the remote monitoring of a patient’s status. The widespread utilization of wearable devices will further enhance the impact of the Internet of Things (IoT). This study evaluates five prediction models for specific data and selects the random forest algorithm as the best method in edge computing applications. Suggests MAX30102 The strong plan is equivalent to patient’s assessment, their remains, lingam, blood pressure, genetic subject, and they are the matrix. Enhanced online versions of the schedule have been incorporated. - Check the situation regularly. The User authentication will be loaded on the server’s database, and checked.
  Keywords: computing; edge computing; cardiac; healthcare.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10068165
   
  
• Assessment of a cuckoo search-based intelligent system for mesh routers placement optimisation in WMNs considering various distributions of mesh clients  
  by Shinji Sakamoto 
  Abstract: Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have many advantages. However, they have several issues related to wireless communication. An effective approach to deal with these problems is the optimization of mesh routers placement in WMNs, but this is an NP-hard problem. Thus, heuristic and intelligent algorithms are needed. In the previous work, we developed an intelligent simulation system based on Cuckoo Search (CS) (WMN-CS), which is a meta-heuristic algorithm. In this work, we evaluate the WMN-CS performance for various distributions of mesh clients: Uniform, Normal, Exponential, Weibull and Chi-square distributions. The simulation results show that for Normal distribution the WMN-CS system can find suitable locations of mesh routers for about 30 phases. The Uniform distribution has the lowest performance compared to the other distributions. Also, Exponential andWeibull distributions converge slower than Chi-square distribution. However, Exponential distribution converges faster than Weibull distribution.
  Keywords: wireless mesh networks; node placement problem; cuckoo search; client distributions.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10068275
   
  
• Analysis of cybersecurity attacks and solution approaches  
  by Ali Yılmaz, Resul Das 
  Abstract: Numerous cybersecurity vulnerabilities have emerged as a result of the quickly changing digital environment, posing serious risks to people, corporations, and governments alike The article "An analysis cybersecurity attacks and solution approaches" delves into the subtleties of this contemporary conflict zone and offers a thorough analysis of the many assault vectors, techniques, and their far-reaching effects This article examines the full spectrum of online hazards, from well-known enemies such as malware, phishing, and denial-of-service attacks to more sophisticated and sneaky threats such as advanced persistent threats (APT) It explores the methods and strategies employed by cybercriminals, offering light on their always-changing approaches This article also sheds light on preventive measures and problem-solving techniques created to combat these risks Provides an overview of a wide range of cybersecurity techniques and tools, including artificial intelligence, intrusion detection systems, encryption, and multifactor authentication Individuals and organizations can protect their digital domains from the onslaught of cyberattacks by being aware of the threats and having the necessary tools and knowledge. With a clearer grasp of the cyberthreat landscape and the various solutions to reduce these risks, readers should be better equipped to use the internet safely as a result of this thorough analysis.
  Keywords: information security; cybersecurity; malware; network security; attacks; cyberthreats.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10068492
   
  
• Reinforcing blockchain security with advanced anomaly detection in edge computing using EDGESENTRY  
  by B. Senthilkumar, Prashant Bachanna, U. Barakkath Nisha, M. Sravani, S. Swathi, K. Srihari, Bathini Thrivikram, R. Yasir Abdullah 
  Abstract: Within the realm of distributed systems, the fusion of blockchain technology and edge computing has generated considerable attention, offering the potential for improved security and efficiency in decentralized applications This article presents EDGESENTRY, an abbreviation for "Enhanced Detection for Genuine Edge Security," a novel anomaly detection technique designed exclusively for blockchain-integrated edge computing settings A comparison between EDGESENTRY and currently available anomaly detection algorithms developed for edge computing were conducted This comparison focuses on highlighting the distinctive characteristics and performance benefits of EDGESENTRY By conducting thorough experimentation and assessment, which includes comparing against the most advanced methodologies, the efficiency of EDGESENTRY in identifying and reducing irregularities in blockchain transactions that occur at the outer edges of the network was calculated The findings demonstrate that EDGESENTRY surpasses current methods in terms of detection accuracy, false positive rates, and computational efficiency Furthermore, the incorporation of blockchain technology improves the security and dependability .
  Keywords: anomaly detection; blockchain security; edge computing; EDGESENTRY; reliability.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069049
   
  
• An architectural framework for interoperable security anomaly detection in edge computing and SDN using gradient-boosted trees  
  by R. Gowrishankar, Jaganathan Arulkarthick, A.P. Janani, K. Sundaresan, U. Barakkath Nisha, R. Yasir Abdullah, Thrivikram Bathini 
  Abstract: In the ever-changing environment of edge computing and software-defined networking (SDN), it is crucial to have strong security measures in place to protect against new threats and ensure compatibility between different systems Conventional anomaly detection algorithms frequently have difficulties in dealing with the intricacy and dynamic characteristics of such situations This paper presents a specialized architectural framework designed for edge computing and SDN, utilizing the sophisticated capabilities of Gradient-Boosted Trees (GBT) to achieve efficient anomaly detection Our framework aims to improve security in edge computing and SDN infrastructures by utilizing the predictive capabilities and adaptability of GBT GBT offers enhanced precision in identifying security anomalies when compared to conventional approaches by examining extensive and diverse data streams prevalent in such contexts The framework is specifically designed to effortlessly include edge computing and SDN architectures, guaranteeing compatibility and interoperability across a wide range of devices.
  Keywords: edge computing; SDN; software-defined networking; security anomaly detection; GBT; gradient-boosted trees; interoperability; framework architecture.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069455
   
  
• Leveraging a hybrid whale-grey wolf optimisation algorithm to enhance fifth generation deployment efficiency in multi-access edge computing  
  by B. Senthilkumar, U. Barakkath Nisha, Vadivelu Kalpana, Priscilla Joy, S. Gokila 
  Abstract: In contemporary advanced manufacturing environments, deploying numerous intelligent mobile devices is crucial to meet the rising need for adaptable production capabilities This research article focuses on addressing critical challenges in modern connected environments where intelligent mobile devices play a crucial role These devices are equipped with a variety of sensors and constantly synchronize massive datasets Furthermore, with the increasing importance of energy efficiency, current studies highlight energy use as a substantial expense Nevertheless, previous research has mostly focused on analysing energy consumption in cloud servers, neglecting to include the energy usage associated with edge computing and underestimating the influence of various mobile devices This becomes further crucial as interconnected settings increase The research article presents an integer programming paradigm that addresses the difficulty of efficiently deploying MEC servers and fifth generation small cells Given the NP-hard nature of edge server deployment, the research article proposes a novel HWGWO algorithm.
  Keywords: MEC; multi-access edge computing; HWGWO; hybrid whale-grey wolf optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069979
   
  
• LIDS security shield: lightweight intrusion detection system (IDS) for detecting DDoS attacks on IoT environment  
  by Sai Suchith Kurra, Likhitha Rayana, Sai Anurag Ayyalasomayajula, Sirajudeen Yoosuf Mohamed 
  Abstract: The proliferation of edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) has raised serious concerns about linked device's susceptibility to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The new lightweight Intrusion Detection System (IDS) model proposed in this study is intended only for the detection of DDoS assaults against edge and Internet of Things devices. Because they frequently use a lot of resources, traditional IDS solutions are inappropriate for resource constrained IoT and edge computing settings. With minimal computing overhead, the suggested methodology uses anomaly detection and machine learning techniques to find patterns linked to DDoS assaults. In addition, the model considers the particularities of IoT and edge devices, considering things like constrained computing power, energy limitations, and communication protocols. The IDS model's lightweight design ensures its applicability to resource-constrained devices, making it an invaluable tool for bolstering security in the rapidly expanding IoT and edge computing ecosystems.
  Keywords: IoT; DDoS attack; edge device; cyber-security; light-weight IDS system.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069499
   
  
• Effort forecasting approach for new generation agile projects  
  by Anupama Kaushik, Prabhjot Kaur, Tirimula Rao Benala, Mohammed Altaf Ahmed 
  Abstract: Now-a-days many software companies are undertaking agile software development along with traditional software development based on waterfall model. Effort estimation is an important constituent of any software development firm as it can measure the success or failure of a software project. In this paper analogy-based model for effort estimation is proposed for agile projects. The model is evaluated on three agile datasets and evaluation criteria used are mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE), Median magnitude of relative error (MdMRE) and prediction (PRED). The results demonstrated that the analogy-based model for effort estimation which was extensively used for traditional software development works well with the projects developed using agile methodologies also. Statistical analysis is also performed and, it also shows the proposed technique supports the agile projects as well.
  Keywords: software development effort; analogy estimation; agile projects; agile methodologies; agile effort; similarity measures; Zia Dataset; CD-1 Dataset; CD-2 Dataset.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069592
   
  
• Generative AI in IoT: transforming cloud services with intelligent automation  
  by Ashwin Raiyani, Sheetal Pandya, Kaushal Jani, Zalak Vyas 
  Abstract: This paper explores how Generative AI can revolutionize cloud services, enabling smart automation over the Internet of Things (IoT). It outlines the potential use of Generative AI in smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, and transportation, proposing an architecture that integrates cloud computing, edge computing, and IoT computing for Generative AI. The integration allows IoT devices to assess data, make independent decisions, and manage themselves based on customized user experiences and functionality. Case studies and experimental evaluations demonstrate significant productivity, efficiency, and user satisfaction improvements. However, challenges such as data heterogeneity, security issues, and ethical considerations must be addressed for reliable AI-enabled IoT applications. Collaboration with academicians, business experts, and governmental representatives is suggested to build trustworthy spaces for integrating AI capabilities into IoT cloud services, leveraging the joint effort between Gen AI and IoT for innovation, productivity, and competitiveness.
  Keywords: generative AI; internet of things; cloud services; intelligent automation; AI-Driven IoT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069892
   
  
• An exploration of edge-based energy harvesting and routing strategies to enhance communication efficiency in IoT networks  
  by B.Senthil Kumar, Prashant Bachanna, S. Chandragandhi, U. Barakkath Nisha, M. Sravani, S. Swathi, Penchala Prasanth, R. Yasir Abdullah 
  Abstract: This article explores the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks, with a specific emphasis on improving sustainability and communication efficiency. Given the widespread use of interconnected devices, it is crucial to prioritise sustainable functioning and effective communication. Energy harvesting is becoming a promising approach for overcoming power limitations, allowing sensors to gather energy from their environment. Furthermore, routing algorithms have a crucial function in optimising communication efficiency inside these networks. The aim of this paper is to investigate various methods of harnessing energy and routing algorithms to discover novel approaches that promote sustainability and improve communication performance in IoT sensor networks. This study aims to offer significant insights and recommendations for creating resilient and environmentally friendly IoT solutions through a thorough analysis. The study assesses a range of energy acquisition techniques, encompassing solar, kinetic, thermal, and radio frequency acquisition. Every solution has distinct benefits and difficulties, requiring a detailed evaluation of their appropriateness for implementing IoT sensors in different situations.
  Keywords: IoT sensor networks; energy harvesting; routing algorithms; sustainability; communication efficiency; and renewable energy.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069951
   
  
• SHO: an efficient multi-objective task scheduling in hybrid cloud-fog computing environment  
  by Santhosh Kumar Medishetti, Ganesh Reddy 
  Abstract: Cloud-Fog computing (CFC) has emerged as a solution to meet the growing demand for efficient processing in diverse applications. Task scheduling (TS) within CFC is crucial for resource optimization and meeting user needs. This paper presents a novel approach to TS using the SHO Algorithm, drawing inspiration from hyena pack dynamics. SHO aims to minimize makespan, energy consumption, and execution time while enhancing throughput. The study extensively evaluates SHO's adaptability to dynamic workloads and varying user demands through simulations. Results demonstrate SHO's superior performance over existing algorithms, highlighting its potential to enhance CFC system efficiency and reliability. The proposed algorithm is effectively balanced the makespan time by 13.69%, execution time by 26.06%, energy saving by 30.99% and increased throughput by 14.59% over three existing advanced scheduling algorithms. This research contributes to the ongoing optimization of TS in CFC, offering valuable insights into nature-inspired algorithms' effectiveness in addressing complex computational challenges.
  Keywords: task scheduling; cloud fog computing; spotted hyena optimisation; makespan; execution time; energy consumption.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10070065
   
  
• Secure and privacy-preserving medical image retrieval model in cloud-edge computing  
  by Sirisha Potluri, R. Balamurali, B. Ravikrishna 
  Abstract: Content-based image retrieval is one of the significant image retrieval techniques. There is a challenging task for Content based image retrieval due to the risk of privacy concerns, leakage of sensitive data, and encryption of the images before keeping them in the cloud. In our work, we propose a secure and privacy-preserving medical image retrieval model to support multiple image sources/owners and sharing concerns. We securely encrypt the image features with a multi-party computation and sharing model with their keys. This allows us to achieve efficient image retrieval over several images collected from multiple sources with guaranteed image privacy. Using this technique, we can also get similarity measurements of the images to avoid keeping image similarity information in the cloud. Results demonstrate that our proposed model achieved improved image retrieval accuracy while preserving the security and privacy of the image.
  Keywords: content-based image retrieval; healthcare; computer vision; cloud computing; edge computing; encryption.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10070218
   
  
• Combining classifier ensembles for efficient big data analytics in edge-cloud environments  
  by Sirisha Potluri, Khasim Syed, Santi Swarup Basa, J. Kavitha, Pavan Kumar 
  Abstract: Big Data analytics is essential for modern organizations because of the exponential expansion of data from various sources such as social media, sensors, mobile devices, and the Internet of Things. By examining this data, organizations can learn a great deal about consumer behaviour, industry trends, operational inefficiencies, and creative potential. In our work we are proposing an efficient ensemble classification model by using metaheuristic optimization algorithms- Chaotic Pigeon Inspired Optimization (CPIO), Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Our proposed model performs better feature selection and assigns appropriate class labels for the given cloud service data. This ensemble model supports the classification process and boosts the performance of the model. We have performed a series of simulation operations to observe the outcomes under several dimensions and parameters. The resultant outcomes emphasized the efficiency of the proposed model over the recent practices in edge-cloud computing platforms.
  Keywords: machine learning; artificial intelligence; cloud computing; edge computing; ensemble classification; big data analytics.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10070219
   
  
• Detection of DDoS attacks using supervised ML and deep learning approaches for SDN  
  by Priyanka Kujur, Sanjeev Patel 
  Abstract: Software Defined Network (SDN) has gained attention and has become very popular due to its capability to provide simple and efficient techniques for controlling computer networks. This paper examines supervised machine learning, unsupervised machine learning, and supervised neural network approaches are implemented to detect DDoS attacks.To lessen and avoid DDoS attacks, the analysis procedure requires training and implementing the right model for the assigned network. It has been observed from our extensive evaluation of these learning techniques that K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) reflects the highest degree of accuracy of 97.50% among all Supervised Machine Learning approaches. In contrast, CNN reflects the highest degree of accuracy of 99.41% among Supervised Neural Network approaches. In addition, we have also evaluated the silhouette score for Unsupervised Machine Learning techniques where K-means with Principal Component Analysis(PCA) outperforms K-means with T-distributed stochastic Neighbor Embedding (TSNE).
  Keywords: SDN; DDoS attack; detection; supervised learning; unsupervised learning; neural network.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10070364
   
  
• Examining determinants of blockchain-based smart contract adoption in local government: an empirical study in developing countries  
  by Luma Fawaz Jarallah, Baraa Bassam Yahya, Mohamed Asem 
  Abstract: Smart contracts based on blockchain technology offer significant opportunities for local governments particularly in developing countries like Iraq to enhance operational efficiency. This study explores the factors influencing the adoption of smart contracts in the Nineveh Governorate. Employing a quantitative approach, the research draws on relevant literature and applies the TechnologyOrganisationEnvironment (TOE) framework, supplemented by elements from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The key factors examined include perceived compatibility, perceived benefits, cost, organisational readiness, top management support, and government support. Data were collected via a questionnaire distributed to 87 local government employees in Nineveh. The results indicate that perceived benefits, cost, organisational readiness, and government support positively influence the intention to adopt smart contracts. However, perceived compatibility and top management support did not show a significant impact on adoption behaviour. Conducted in an emerging market context like Iraq, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and public sector professionals aiming to implement blockchain-based solutions.
  Keywords: blockchain; smart contract; local governorate; developing countries; TOE; TAM.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10070652
   
  
• A privacy-aware and fair self-exchanging self-trading scheme for IoT data based on smart contract  
  by Yuling Chen, Hongyan Yin, Yaocheng Zhang, Wei Ren, Yi Ren 
  Abstract: With the development of the era of big data, the demand for data sharing and usage is increasing, especially in the era of the internet of things, thus putting forward a keen demand for data exchanging and data trading. However, the existing data exchanging and trading platforms are usually centralised and users have to trust platforms. This paper proposes a secure and fair exchanging and trading protocol based on blockchain and smart contracts, especially, self-governance without relying on centralised trust. By using the protocol, it can guarantee fairness to defend against trade cheating, and security for data confidentiality. It can also guarantee efficiency by transferring data links instead of data between data owners and data buyers. The extensive analysis justified that the proposed scheme can facilitate self-exchanging and self-trading for big data in a secure, fair and efficient manner.
  Keywords: big data; IoT; fair exchanging; blockchain; smart contract; oblivious protocol; fair trading.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10071027
   
  
• A cloud-based spatiotemporal data warehouse approach  
  by Georgia Garani, Nunziato Cassavia, Ilias K. Savvas 
  Abstract: The arrival of the big data era introduces new necessities for accommodating data access and analysis by organisations. The evolution of data is three-fold, increase in volume, variety, and complexity. The majority of data nowadays is generated in the cloud. Cloud data warehouses profit from the benefits of the cloud by facilitating the integration of data in the cloud. A data warehouse is developed in this paper, which supports both spatial and temporal dimensions. The research focuses on proposing a general design for spatiobitemporal objects implemented by nested dimension tables using the starnest schema approach. Experimental results reflect that the parallel processing of such data on the cloud can process OLAP queries efficiently. Furthermore, by increasing the number of computational nodes results in a significant reduction of queries' time execution. The feasibility, scalability, and utility of the proposed technique for querying spatiotemporal data are demonstrated.
  Keywords: cloud computing; big data; hive; business intelligence; data warehouses; cloud based data warehouses; spatiotemporal data; spatiotemporal objects; starnest schema; OLAP; online analytical processing.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10071028
   
  
• Cloud infrastructure planning considering the impact of maintenance and self-healing routines over cost and dependability attributes  
  by Carlos Melo, Jean Araujo, Jamilson Dantas, Paulo Pereira, Felipe Oliveira, Paulo Maciel 
  Abstract: Cloud computing has become the leading paradigm for internet service provisioning, attracting more adopters daily. Service providers face high costs related to acquisition and implementation, making outsourced maintenance a cost-effective alternative, especially for small infrastructures. This paper evaluates infrastructure reliability and the impact of outsourced maintenance on private cloud availability, with a focus on blockchain as a service. By modelling service and maintenance routines, the findings are applicable to various cloud services. The study assesses maintenance strategies - reactive, preventive, and self-healing - within Service Level Agreements. Results indicate that preventive and self-healing maintenance offer a better cost-benefit balance compared to traditional reactive methods. However, the optimal approach depends on the provider's available resources. This research helps small-scale service providers choose cost-efficient maintenance strategies while ensuring high availability.
  Keywords: maintenance; reliability; availability; modelling; cloud computing; blockchain; container; services; SLA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10071029
   
  
• An experimental analysis of traditional machine learning techniques for classification of non-functional requirements  
  by Devendra Kumar, Laxman Singh, Anil Kumar 
  Abstract: Requirement analysis is critical step before the starting of software development. There are two kinds of software requirement in software development: (1) functional requirement and (2) non-functional requirement. Visibility of Functional Requirement (FR) is very much clear in software development, but Non-Functional Requirement (NFR) is hidden in nature so much less research has been done in the area of NFR. Even though it is hidden requirement it still plays a very important role in software development because it specifies quality and constraints of the system. To automate the process of requirement classification in software development, Machine Learning (ML) techniques are used. This paper presents the exhaustive experimental analysis of traditional ML techniques used for classification of NFR. In this experimental analysis Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine with Stochastic Gradient Descent (SVM-SGD) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithms are analysed in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-Score to classify the NFR. As the data set to perform this experimental analysis, the PROMISE repository is used. In this work results show that SVM-SGD outperforms all the ML techniques by giving the F1-Score 00.92, Recall 00.92, Precision 00.93 and Accuracy 00.92.
  Keywords: software specifications; functional requirements; non-functional requirements; machine learning; KNN; SVM; MNB; GBDT; PROMISE.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10070436
   
  
• Implementation and evaluation of a mixed reality traditional craft sharing system  
  by Reiya Yahada, Tomoyuki Ishida 
  Abstract: In this study, we implemented a virtual traditional craft sharing system using MR technology in order to realise a highly realistic experience of traditional crafts and space sharing by multiple users in real space. This system consists of six functions: arrangement, delete, exchange, colour change, arrangement auxiliary and sharing of MR traditional craft object. The arrangement auxiliary function automatically arranges the MR traditional craft object in the real space by calculating its position, orientation and size. In addition, the sharing function realises sharing of MR traditional craft object among multiple users. Moreover, we conducted a questionnaire survey on 30 subjects to evaluate the MR traditional crafts sharing system. We obtained high evaluations of the system's operability, functionality, effectiveness and applicability. However, there were still issues related to the sense of immersion of our proposed system probably because the original texture of traditional crafts cannot be reproduced.
  Keywords: mixed reality; virtual reality; sharing space; Japanese traditional crafts; tele-immersion.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2023.10068522
   
  
• Quantum-safe authentication mechanism for IoT devices using hash-based post-quantum signature schemes: a short review  
  by Purvi Tandel, Jitendra Nasriwala 
  Abstract: We are surrounded by many smart applications that make human life efficient. The general concept of IoT applications involves communication between devices. To make our smart environment secure, authentication is the most important requirement to be achieved to avoid unwanted attacks. Cryptographic schemes used currently in such IoT devices are public-key cryptographic primitives that are vulnerable to future quantum attacks. Quantum approaches derived by Shor and Grover will break the public-key primitives with square root and cube root speedups. Hence, there is a need to develop a successful and efficient signature scheme to authenticate such devices. Post-quantum cryptographic approaches are based on hard mathematical problems which are difficult to break by future attacks. Amongst all these post-quantum signature approaches, hash-based post-quantum signatures incorporate existing hash algorithms to achieve the required security level. This paper summarises stateful hash-based post-quantum signature schemes that can be implemented on constrained devices for IoT applications.
  Keywords: authentication mechanism; constrained devices; digital signature; hash-based cryptography; IoT applications; post-quantum cryptography; signature scheme; stateful signature scheme.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10070100
   
  
• An SMIM algorithm for reduction of energy consumption of virtual machines in a cluster  
  by Dilawaer Duolikun, Tomoya Enokido, Makoto Takizawa 
  Abstract: Applications can take advantage of virtual computation services independently of heterogeneity and locations of servers by using virtual machines in clusters. Here, a virtual machine on an energy-efficient host server has to be selected to perform an application process. In this paper, we newly propose a Simple Monotonically Increasing (SIM) estimation algorithm to estimate the energy consumption of a server to perform application processes and the total execution time of the processes on a server. We also propose an SMI Migration (SMIM) algorithm to make a virtual machine migrate from a host server to a guest server to reduce the total energy consumption of the servers by estimating the energy consumption in the SMI algorithm. In the evaluation, we show the energy consumption of servers in a cluster is reduced in the SMIM algorithm by at least 5% compared with other algorithms.
  Keywords: server selection algorithm; migration of virtual machines; green computing systems; SMI algorithm; SMIM algorithm.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10071034
   
  
• FIAC: fine-grained access control mechanism for cloud based IoT framework  
  by Bhagwat Prasad Chaudhury, Kasturi Dhal, Srikanta Pattnaik, Ajit Kumar Nayak 
  Abstract: Cloud computing technology provides various computing resources on demand to users on pay per use basis. The technology fails in terms of its usage due to confidentiality and privacy issues. Access control mechanisms are the tools to prevent unauthorized access to remotely stored data. Cipher Text Policy Attribute-based Encryption (CPABE) is a widely used tool for facilitating authorised users to access the remotely stored encrypted data with fine-grained access control. In the proposed model FIAC, access control mechanism is embedded in cloud-based application. The major contribution of this work is the design of three algorithms all of which are attribute based: Key Generation algorithm, and Encryption and Decryption algorithms. Only authorised users can view them to take appropriate action plans. To enhance security of the cloud-based monitoring system, we have embedded a security scheme, all of which are attribute based. Further, the computation time of the model is found to be encouraging so that it can be used in low power devices. The experimental outcomes establish the usability of our model.
  Keywords: air; carbon; dust density; IoT; FIAC; access control.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2025.10071035
   
  
• An improved transient search optimisation technique for effective data clustering  
  by Prateek Thakral, Pardeep Kumar, Yugal Kumar 
  Abstract: Data clustering is a fundamental task in the field of machine learning which involves the partitioning of the datasets into meaningful groups. The traditional clustering algorithms often struggle with issues such as initial centroid sensitivity, slow convergence, and local optima trap. On the other side, meta-heuristic algorithms consist of innovative paradigms to handle these issues. Hence, this work introduces a new meta-heuristic algorithm, called transient search optimisation (TSO) to alleviate the issues of traditional clustering algorithms. Further, some enhancements are included in TSO algorithm to generate more optimal results. These improvements aim to make TSO more reliable for data clustering problems. The efficiency of the TSO is evaluated over benchmark datasets and results are compared using intra cluster distance, accuracy rate and detection rate parameters. The average accuracy rate and average detection rate of the proposed TSO algorithm are 6.94% and 6.48% higher respectively as compared to other algorithms.
  Keywords: data clustering; meta-heuristic algorithms; transient search optimisation; partitional clustering.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2024.10069469
   
  

Special Issue on: AMLDA 2022 Applied Machine Learning and Data Analytics Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

• Fuzzy forests for feature selection in high-dimensional survey data: an application to the 2020 US Presidential Election  
  by Sreemanti Dey, R. Michael Alvarez 
  Abstract: An increasingly common methodological issue in the field of social science is high-dimensional and highly correlated datasets that are unamenable to the traditional deductive framework of study. Analysis of candidate choice in the 2020 Presidential Election is one area in which this issue presents itself: in order to test the many theories explaining the outcome of the election, it is necessary to use data such as the 2020 Cooperative Election Study Common Content, with hundreds of highly correlated features. We present the fuzzy forests algorithm, a variant of the popular random forests ensemble method, as an efficient way to reduce the feature space in such cases with minimal bias, while also maintaining predictive performance on par with common algorithms such as random forests and logit. Using fuzzy forests, we isolate the top correlates of candidate choice and find that partisan polarisation was the strongest factor driving the 2020 Presidential Election.
  Keywords: fuzzy forests; machine learning; ensemble methods; dimensionality reduction; American elections; candidate choice; correlation; partisanship; issue voting; Trump; Biden.
  
  
• An efficient intrusion detection system using unsupervised learning AutoEncoder  
  by N.D. Patel, B.M. Mehtre, Rajeev Wankar 
  Abstract: As attacks on the network environment are rapidly becoming more sophisticated and intelligent in recent years, the limitations of the existing signature-based intrusion detection system are becoming more evident. For new attacks such as Advanced Persistent Threat (APT), the signature pattern has a problem of poor generalisation performance. Research on intrusion detection systems based on machine learning is being actively conducted to solve this problem. However, the attack sample is collected less than the normal sample in the actual network environment, so it suffers a class imbalance problem. When a supervised learning-based anomaly detection model is trained with these data, the results are biased toward normal samples. In this paper, AutoEncoder (AE) is used to perform single-class anomaly detection to solve this imbalance problem. The experimental evaluation was conducted using the CIC-IDS2017 dataset, and the performance of the proposed method was compared with supervised models to evaluate the performance
  Keywords: intrusion detection system; advanced persistent threat; CICIDS2017; AutoEncoder; machine learning; data analytics.
  
  

Special Issue on: Cloud and Fog Computing for Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Digital Era

• Enhanced speculative approach for big data processing using BM-LOA algorithm in cloud environment  
  by Hetal A. Joshiara, Chirag S. Thaker, Sanjay M. Shah, Darshan B. Choksi 
  Abstract: In the event that one of the several tasks is being allocated to an undependable or jam-packed machine, a hugely parallel processing job can be delayed considerably. Hence, the majority of the parallel processing methodologies, namely (MR), have espoused diverse strategies to conquer the issue called the straggler problem. Here, the scheme may speculatively introduce extra copies of a similar task if its development is unnaturally slow when an additional idling resource is present. In the strategies-centred processes, the dead node is exhibited. the (RT) along with backup time of the slow task is assessed. The slow task is rerun with the aid of BM-LOA subsequent to the evaluation. In both heterogeneous and homogeneous environments, the proposed approach is performed. Centred on the performance metrics, the proposed research techniques performance is scrutinised in experimental investigation. Thus, when weighed against the other approaches, the proposed technique achieves superior performance.
  Keywords: modified exponentially weighted moving average; speculative execution strategy; Hadoop supreme rate performance; big data processing; rerun.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJGUC.2022.10063581
   
  
• Importance of big data for analysing models in social networks and improving business  
  by Zhenbo Zang, Honglei Zhang, Hongjun Zhu 
  Abstract: The digital revolution is the build-up of many digital advances, such as the network phenomena transformation. To increase business productiveness and performance, participatory websites that allow active user involvement and the intellectual collection became widely recognized as a value-added tool organization of all sizes. However, it has lacked an emphasis on business and management literature to promote profitable business-to-business (b2b). User knowledge is a way to consider the kinds of search ions that big data can use. The use of social media data for analysing business networks is a promising field of research. Technological advances have made the storage and analysis of large volumes of data commercially feasible. Big information represents many sources of organised, half-structured, and unstructured data in real-time. Big data is a recent phenomenon in the computing field, which involves technological or market study. The management and research of a vast network provide all companies with significant advantages and challenges. The volume of information floating on social networks grows every day and, if processed correctly, provides a rich pool of evidence.
  Keywords: big data; business-to-business; data analytics; text mining; social networks.
  
  
• Study on the economic consequences of enterprise financial sharing model  
  by Yu Yang, Zecheng Yin 
  Abstract: Using enterprise system ideas to examine the business process requirements of firms, the Financial Enterprise Model (FEM) is a demanding program. This major integrates finance, accounting, and other critical business processes. Conventional financial face difficulties due to low economic inclusion, restricted access to capital, lack of data, poor R&D expenditures, underdeveloped distribution channels, and so on. This paper mentions making, consuming, and redistributing goods through collaborative platform networks. These three instances highlight how ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) can be exploited as a new source of company innovation. The sharing economy model can help social companies solve their market problems since social value can be embedded into their sharing economy cycles. As part of the ICT-based sharing economy, new business models for social entrepreneurship can be developed by employing creative and proactive platforms. Unlike most public organizations, double-bottom-line organizations can create social and economic advantages. There are implications for developing and propagating societal values based on these findings.
  Keywords: finance; economy; enterprise; ICT; social advantage.