International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems (9 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Modified probabilistic laser sensor model to reduce the effect of mixed pixel for robust autonomous mobile robot navigation  
  by Ravinder Singh, K.S. Nagla 
  Abstract: Autonomous mobile robots execute tasks in various complex environments by receiving sensory information from various range sensors. The reliable performance of the autonomous mobile robot depends upon the accuracy and reliability of the sensors. Because of the advantages such as fast response, small size and accuracy, a laser scanner is preferred over another range sensor but, still, the sensory information from the laser scanner is affected by various parameters. The mixed pixel problem is the consequence of the effect caused by diverse intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, impulse noise, variation in incident angle, specular reflection and beam width that reduce the reliability of the laser scanner that leads to generating uncertainty in sensory information. The objective of this study is to modify the laser sensor model by reducing the effect of the mixed pixel problem corresponding to incident angles and intensity by a newly designed algorithm, the Edge Detection Technique (EDT,) for laser scanner to generate an efficient mobile robot mapping for the robust navigation of autonomous mobile robot. Various real-world experiments have been performed to check the reliability of the proposed EDT algorithm linked with probabilistic laser sensor model fitted on a mobile robot and the obtained results with the proposed EDT technique is validated through qualitative and quantitative analysis corresponding to conventional approaches.
  Keywords: laser occupancy grid mapping; laser scanner; mixed pixel; laser sensor model; autonomous navigation; mobile robot.
  
  
• Quadrotor attitude and position fuzzy control using linearised inverted moment matrix  
  by Abdul Ghafoor Al Shehabi 
  Abstract: Controlling a nonlinear dynamic model of quadrotor is a challenging task since the quadrotor is considered as an under-actuated system with highly coupled dynamics due to both the six degrees of freedom motion (DOF) and four control input variables. The objective of this research is to investigate the implementation of fuzzy logic concepts using a linearised inverted moment matrix in order to design a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) fuzzy flight control system for the quadratic nonlinear dynamic model. A nonlinear mathematical model of the quadrotor is derived and the MIMO attitude and position fuzzy controllers are designed. The inverted moment matrix is linearised and differential actions of PD-fuzzy controllers are considered as well. The quadrotor dynamic behaviour is simulated and evaluated using M-file programs. The results have shown that using PD-fuzzy controller type is capable to achieve the design requirements and significantly improves the performance of the quadrotor stability characteristics.
  Keywords: autonomous vehicle; flight dynamic and control; quadrotor nonlinear mathematical model; fuzzy logic controllers.
  
  
• ADAS multisensor fusion system-based security and energy optimisation for an electric vehicle  
  by Adnane Cabani, Radouane Khemmar, Jean-Yves Ertaud, Romain Rossi, Xavier Savatier 
  Abstract: The works presented in this paper are a part of the VIRTUOSE project, which is dedicated to the development of an intelligent electric vehicle with range-extender and multiple energy sources. Our contribution is to develop a multi-sensor perception system dedicated not only to optimise management of embedded energy but also to include an Advanced Driver-Assistance System (ADAS). This system is based on several modules. Our objective in this paper is to present a predictive model-based energy consumption optimisation on an electric vehicle. This model takes into account not only the different physical parameters related to the vehicle, but also the topography of the road in order to offer the driver a speed instruction (limit speed) supposed to reduce the embedded energy consumption. In other words, the system adapts to road profile in order to obtain eco-driving behaviour. The system also takes into account other parameters, such as multisensor perception of the immediate environment of the vehicle allowing the driver to have a smooth driving behaviour or augmented reality-based fusion navigation data and real journey data acquired from embedded vision. The combination of the whole of this ADAS should not only improve the security but also make a significant indirect contribution in optimising embedded energy. Firstly, the system is limited to advise the driver using estimated measurements like speed, power and/or the real data as the panoramic view around the vehicle. In the second step, and in order to meet some constraints related to the time and to the energy consumption, which can be imposed, by some kind of scenarios, the system will not only inform the driver for the speed to be adopted (or the different perception information around the vehicle) but also take full control of the vehicle if necessary (for example in cases where the system estimates that there is not enough energy to reach the destination of the journey, in this case it blocks the speed to the optimum value in terms of energy consumption). This paper represents VIRTUOSE project synthesis in which three multidisciplinary research teams (Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Automatic, and Embedded Vision) have collaborated together to develop an operational platform of an electric vehicle with multiple energy sources. This explains why this article includes various contributions related to automation, ICT, automotive ADAS, and embedded vision.
  Keywords: instruction speed; perception system; assisted driving system; multisensor system; energy consumption; energy minimisation.
  
  

Special Issue on: Dynamics, Control and Energy Efficiency of Electrified Vehicles

• A modified extreme seeking based adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control scheme for vehicle anti-lock braking  
  by Wenfei Li, Haiping Du, Weihua Li 
  Abstract: Vehicle anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are designed to optimise vehicle braking performance, but there are some challenges for their control. One of the challenges is that the optimal slip ratio is difficult to obtain in real time and it can differ under different road conditions. Another challenge is that ABS are nonlinear and many parameters of them are difficult to identify in advance. To solve these problems, a new extremum seeking based adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control strategy is proposed to seek and track the optimal slip ratio for improving the performance of a blended anti-lock braking system. The proposed modified sliding mode based extreme seeking algorithm (MSMES) is able to avoid the large oscillation and automatically search for the optimal slip ratio even when road conditions change. An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller (AFSMC) is designed to overcome the problem of possible disturbances, uncertainties, and the nonlinear characteristics of ABS and it is able to mimic an ideal controller and to estimate the error boundary between the ideal controller and the designed controller. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, numerical simulations on a quarter-vehicle braking model have been tested. The results show that the proposed control method not only is able to track the optimal slip ratio under different road conditions accurately but also is very robust.
  Keywords: anti-lock braking system; extremum seeking; adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control; adaptive nonlinear observer.
  
  
• Dynamic performance analysis of electrified propulsion system in electric vehicles  
  by Jency Joseph, T. Aruldoss Albert Victorie, Josh F.T, Joseph M.C 
  Abstract: High speed can be achieved by choosing a compact size of the propulsion system in an electric vehicle. The cost of the propulsion system is one of the major design considerations governed by the type of motor and controller. The choice of pancake shape Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (AFPM BLDC) reduces the size of the propulsion system and improves the onboard space of the EV. The intermittent periodic duty class has been considered to choose the power rating of AFPM motor. The new type of zeta converter is proposed here to regulate the input side DC voltage. The dynamic performance of the EV has been compared with and without zeta converter, which will be useful for researchers in future.
  Keywords: axial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor; static model; zeta converter; total harmonic distortion; electric vehicle acceleration; distance travelled.
  
  
• Research on synchronous control strategy of steer-by-wire system with dual steering actuator motors  
  by Min Hua, Guoying Chen, Changfu Zong, Lei He 
  Abstract: Steer-by-wire (SBW) system with dual steering actuator motors is a novel and potential type of steering system by means of hardware fault-tolerant redundancy to enhance driving safety. The basic control strategy "road feel feedback and steering angle control" has been carried out. Aiming at the non-synchronous appearance of dual steering actuator motors, dual-motor synchronous control employing differential negative feedback method has been proposed to reduce the adverse influence of servo fight non-synchronous issue. In addition, considering the existence of unavoidable backlash impact, dual-motor anti-backlash control adopting variable bias compensation current method has been developed to abate the negative effect caused by backlash factors for SBW system, so that the precision of steering implementation for SBW system can be enhanced. The results of simulations and hardware-in-loop experiments are analysed and then the conclusion is drawn that the proposed control strategy is effective and feasible.
  Keywords: steer-by-wire system; dual steering actuator motors; synchronous control; anti-backlash control.
  
  
• An investigation on coordination of lane departure warning based on driver behaviour characteristics  
  by Hongyu Zheng, Mingxin Zhao 
  Abstract: As an important part of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), lane departure warning system (LDWS) plays a significant role in lane departure prevention and reducing traffic accidents caused by lane departure. In order to improve the warning effect of the system as well as driver acceptance, this paper describes an LDWS algorithm for personalised driving assistance. The proposed combination algorithm consists of a multi-mode time to lane crossing (TLC) and a future offset distance (FOD) based on driver behaviour characteristics. To detect drivers lane change intention, the steering behaviour has been developed incorporating vehicle states and road curvature. Driving simulator tests are conducted to validate the lane departure warning algorithm with multi-mode based on TLC and FOD under various driving situations. The obtained test results are consistent with the expected performance.
  Keywords: lane departure warning system; time lane crossing; future offset distance; driver characteristics; simulator experiments.
  
  

Special Issue on: Advancements, Applications and Challenges in Internet of Vehicles for Smart Transportation

• Socio-realistic optimal path planning for indoor realtime autonomous mobile robot navigation  
  by Rahul Pol, B. Sheela Rani, Mahalingam Murugan 
  Abstract: An autonomous mobile robotic navigation system consists of many modules that work co-ordinately and concurrently. The most important module is the realistic and optimal path planning algorithm (ROPPA) through which the overall system performance increases. Many algorithms developed and deployed for data structures and computer games are partially modified to use in realtime robotic environments. The major drawback of such modified algorithms is they are designed for unconstrained artificial environments where a robot's collision with static obstacles or moving objects is partially allowed. Many researchers successfully developed the path planning algorithm through improving the basic A* algorithm, such as D* lite, theta*, any angle path planning, and jump point search. In real environments one should explore the optimal path along with maintaining uniform safer distance with the objects or in-path obstacles. This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a new realistic optimal path planning algorithm, which follows the safer distance rule through exploring minimum workspace area along with less memory overhead; the algorithm also explores the shortest final path with fewer subpaths if it exists. The experimentation with different map size and obstacle density clearly defines improvement in ROPPA over the other path planning methods.
  Keywords: grid-based segmentation; modified A*; theta*; any angle path planning; optimal path planning; safer path planning; realistic optimal path planning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJVAS.2019.10021918
   
  
• Towards an immersive and safer driving experience using computer vision integrated with encoded vibro-tactile feedback  
  by Rajshekhar Mukherjee, Dharmendra Kumar Mahato, Sangeeta Yadav, Amit Pundir, Geetika Jain Saxena 
  Abstract: This paper describes the setting up of an immersive, responsive vehicle driving system and mechanism for a driving assist technology for expanding the sensory horizon of humans while driving and is motivated by absence of any such system in the real world. The system can control and direct an assembly of electronic devices in real time, using an image acquisition subsystem, an object-recognition and tracking algorithm and a haptic modelling subsystem working in tandem with the user. The object tracking subsystem operates in real time to determine the current position of a vehicle in front by using a camera and continuously updates it in a live video feed, while also identifying and tracking moving or stationary vehicles. The haptic system, which is integrated with the tracking system, has been programmed to warn the driver of the potential threats that moving or stationary vehicles may generate. All the subsystems are updated and synchronised with each other in real time to produce a seamless and smooth transition between frames, facilitating a precise and immersive driving experience for anyone. The high accuracy and robustness of the proposed system makes it a versatile component, which can be integrated into a variety of applications for enhancing a persons reality perception.
  Keywords: object tracking; image detection; SURF; vibro-tactile; vision-to-touch; human-centred computing; immersive reality.