International Journal of Nanomanufacturing (17 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Tailoring of Nanoparticles for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Activities: A Review  
  by Augustine Agi, Radzuan Junin, Afeez Gbadamosi 
  Abstract: Nanotechnology has found its way to Petroleum Engineering, as it is a well-accepted path in the oil and gas industry to recover more oil trapped in the reservoir. The challenge in nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry is full-scale field application, due to cost. A considerable research and development investment is needed for the implementation of the technology in formulating cheap, readily available and environmentally friendly nanoparticles. In this review, methods of synthesizing the different types of nanoparticles is described, detailing the parameters involved in these techniques with the aim of tailoring their distinct properties such as; large surface area and ability to manipulate their behaviour for enhanced oil recovery. The difference between the natural and synthetic polymer nanoparticles and their various method of synthesis is discussed and their advantage in enhanced oil recovery is highlighted. The methods of synthesis can lower the interfacial adsorption of polymer with surface-active properties, prevent aggregation when the nanoparticle is subjected to flow, and prevent degradation. It can also form micelles and liposomes which can lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) and influence phase behaviour. The challenges encountered have opened new frontier for research and are also highlighted herein.
  Keywords: Nanotechnology; Nanoparticle; Synthesis; Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery; Polymer.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJNM.2019.10023111
   
  
• Tolerance Analysis of Slider-crank Mechanism for Assembly Functionality Check  
  by XUSONG XU 
  Abstract: Tolerance analysis is an effective way to improve the quality and decrease the cost of product. Functionality check is an important aspect of tolerance analysis. The purpose of functionality check is to analyse the stack-up of geometric deviation of part/feature whether it meets the demand of geometry and is it in the range of assembly tolerance. Geometric variations exist in the process of tolerance stack-up and transmission, on the other hand, the part itself has geometric error. In addition, since geometric deviation exists in the assembly feature between the parts, so the objects of tolerance analysis should contain part tolerance and assembly clearance. However, the usual tolerance analysis model does not include the assembly clearance. Aiming at this problem, we have done some research. Firstly, the nominal geometric transfer model and the stack-up model are established based on the Small Displacement Torsor(SDT) and Homogeneous Transformation Matrix(HTM). Secondly, HTM expression of the tolerance loop is constructed. Next, the assembly tolerance analysis matrix model is established and a new tolerance analysis method for assembling feasibility is put forward. The main advantages of the method are: 1) analysis object not only contains the tolerance, but also contains the assembly clearance; 2) it can analyse the stack-up deviation of the multiple assembly clearance; 3) it can effectively perform the assembly functionality check and the evaluation of the tolerance allocation results. At last, taking slider-crank mechanism as an example, the contrastive study of tolerance analysis for functionality check is done after establishing stack-up model of assembly tolerance analysis. The results show that it is prone to lead to misjudge when analysing only dimension tolerance, the analysis results of considering dimension tolerance, geometric tolerance and assembly clearance are more restrictively. However, it is more compliance with actual engineering.
  Keywords: Tolerance analysis; Assembly tolerance; Tolerance stack-up model; Assembly clearance; Slider-crank Mechanism.
  
  
• An Approach to Calculate Master Curve for Glass Molding Press Based on Finite Element Simulation  
  by Zhiguo Zhang, Yuxuan Sun 
  Abstract: A new approach is proposed to calculate the master curve (MC) of glass. It can solve the problem: when the temperature is higher than T_(t,l) (defined later), the measured shear relaxation modulus cant describe the mechanical response of the annealing stage during glass molding press(GMP) through the thermal rheological simple (TRS) theory. Based on the temperature dependent Yang's modulus and TRS theory, the MC with a reference temperature less than T_(t,l) is calculated by an iterative process.In order to verify the suitability of MC at high temperature, the MC and shear relaxation moduli are used in the finite element(FE) simulation at the isothermal compression stage. Similar von Mises stresses are shown and the usability of the MC at molding temperature is proved by the simulation results. In order to predict residual stress within the formed glass lens, the MC is used to conduct FE simulation for the whole GMP process.
  Keywords: Glass molding press; Viscoelasticity; Thermal rheological simple; Master curve; Finite element.
  
  
• Study on Novel Temperature Sensor based on Amorphous Carbon Film  
  by Qi Zhang, Qi Zhang, Xin Ma, Xin Ma, Meiling Guo, Meiling Guo, Lei Yang, Lei Yang, Yulong Zhao, Yulong Zhao 
  Abstract: In this study, a new type of thermistor temperature sensor was developed. The sensing materials was amorphous carbon (a-C) film prepared using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma processing system under low energy electron irradiation sputtering. The nanostructure of a-C film was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), the atomic bonding and carbon hybridization condition was analyzed by Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) respectively. The linearity of temperature-resistance curve of this kind of a-C film was very good in certain temperature range, with high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The a-C film by 50 eV electron irradiation can measure larger temperature range from -75 degree centigrade to 155 degree centigrade, with good repeatability. The working temperature range of a-C film by 100 eV electron irradiation was much smaller, but TCR absolute value of this film was higher. It can be concluded that the lower sp2 / sp3, the better linearity of temperature-resistance curve, the lower TCR absolute value in certain working temperature range. The research shows that this kind of a-C film temperature sensor has good linearity and repeatability, also it can be integrated with other MEMS sensor simply.
  Keywords: Amorphous carbon film; Thermistor; Temperature sensor; Temperature resistance characterization; Temperature coefficient of resistance.
  
  
• The Use Of Surface Plasmon Resonance Band Of Green Silver Nanoparticles and Conductometry For Quantitative Determination Of Minor Concentrations of Doxycycline hyclate And Oxytetracycline HCl in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.  
  by Rania A. Sayed, Manal S. El- Masry, Wafaa S. Hassan, Magda Y. El-Mammli, Abdalla Shalaby 
  Abstract: Two novel and sensitive methods for quantitative determination of doxycycline hyclate and oxytetracycline HCl were developed. The first method (Method A) is based on the reducing character of the cited drugs which causes chemical reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent producing surface plasmon resonance which has absorption peaks at 424 and 428 nm for doxycycline hyclate and oxytetracycline HCl, respectively. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The plasmon absorbance of the Ag-NPs was used for the quantitative spectrophotometric determination of the cited drugs. The second method (Method B) is a conductometric method which is based on the reaction of the cited drugs with phosphotungstic acid to form ion associates in aqueous system. Validation of the proposed methods was carried out.
  Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; doxycycline hyclate; oxytetracycline HCl; conductometry and phosphotungstic acid.
  
  
• Design and Simulation of MEMS Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters with Center Mass Block  
  by Lu Wang, Dejiang Lu, Shenrong Zhang, Zhikang Li, Yong Xia, Yunyun Luo, Libo Zhao, Zhuangde Jiang 
  Abstract: Abstract: MEMS-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters (MEMS-PVEHs) with center mass block are designed with the overall size 10102 mm3, two prototypes including piezoelectric unimorph and bimorph beams are used respectively. The MEMS-PVEHs have a lower resonant frequency (109.20Hz for unimorph beam and 84.80Hz for bimorph beam), and high optimal mechanical and piezoelectric power density (22.30mW/(g2cm3) for unimorph and 29.02mW/(g2cm3) for bimorph beam). This paper studies the characteristics of MEMS-PVEHs by modeling and simulation in COMSOL. Their eigenfrequencies are analyzed firstly, their optimal piezoelectric outputs are explored by changing excitation frequency and load resistance secondly, then the piezoelectric unimorph & bimorph beams are compared finally. The simulation results show that the optimal excitation frequency is slightly higher than the eigenfrequency, and the maximum piezoelectric power of the PVEH can be obtained only when the appropriate excitation frequency and load resistance are selected, and the power generation efficiency is 0.5. By comparing the unimorph and bimorph beams, it is suggested that the unimorph and bimorph MEMS-PVEHs should be designed to improve the piezoelectric output by decreasing resonant frequency and increasing input mechanical power. Finally, the piezoelectric unimorph with double opposite electrodes is designed based on the MEMS fabrication process.
  Keywords: Energy harvesting; Piezoelectric; MEMS; Resonant frequency; Power optimization.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJNM.2019.10017427
   
  
• Preparation and characterization of nanokaolinite photocatalyst for removal of P-nitrophenol under UV irradiation  
  by S.M. El-Sheikh, Ahmed Shawky, Sabrin M. Abdo, Mohamed Nageeb Rashed, Thanaa I. El-Dosoqy 
  Abstract: A nanokaolinite photocatalyst was prepared successfully using intercalating method which depends on insertion of chemical reagent between bulk kaolinite layers followed by delamination process. The as-prepared nanokaolinite photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR analysis, Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. XRD data show that the crystals size of exfoliated nanokaolinite in the range ~ 26-32 nm. FTIR peaks assign to presence of nitrogen between nanokaolinite layers, which maybe lead to decrease the band gap of prepared samples. The photocatalytic activity of nanokaolinite photocatalysts was investigated by degradation of PNP under ultra-violet irradiation. The ideal nanokaolinite sample (K/urea) show extraordinary photocatalytic activity (100%) toward PNP within 30 min. due to its enhanced band gap value.
  Keywords: Delamination; Kaolinite; phyllosilicates family; Intercalation; Photodegradation; P-nitrophenol; Paper filler; Photocatalytic activity.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJNM.2019.10023076
   
  
• Research on processing technology of grinding aspheric workpiece in the five-axis machine tool  
  by Jianfeng Liu 
  Abstract: Aspheric optical components have been widely used recently because of their unique advantages. Thus, it is necessary to investigate processing technology of such aspheric parts. In this paper, an aspherical mirror is ground with cup wheel in five-axis CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine tool and corresponding processes were investigated. To improve machining efficiency and reduce tool wear, the workpiece is firstly ground to be a spherical mirror, and then it is ground to be the aspheric contour. The best fitting spherical mathematical equation is derived by the axisymmetric quadratic aspheric generatrix equation. A aspheric mirror was ground with cup wheel with five-axis CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine tool. The aspheric curve is processed into a paraboloid shape. The experimental results show that the surface profile of the aspherical lens is consistent with the designed profile, and the PV (Peak Value) value of the error is . Such results can be accepted in consideration of working allowance for polishing. According to the experimental results, the cause of the error was analyzed and methods for improving precision were proposed.
  Keywords: five-axis machine tool; cup wheel; aspheric surface; fitting spherical radius.
  
  
• Study on the influence of spindle vibration on the surface roughness of ultra-precision fly cutting  
  by Jianpu Xi, Bin Li, Dongxu Ren, Zexiang Zhao, Huiying Zhao 
  Abstract: Spindle vibration is a key factor influencing the quality of the processed surfaces during ultra-precision fly cutting. An extremely tiny vibration will directly influence the quality of the surface at the nanoscale. Therefore, in this study, a mathematical model of aerostatic spindle vibration under pulsed excitation was established by analyzing the characteristic cutting path of a fly cutter head and the state of the spindle under interrupted cutting force, and then, the axial and radial of the aerostatic spindle to pulses during periodically interrupted fly cutting were calculated using a Fourier series. Under the periodic processing mode of high-speed fly cutting, a simulation and experimental analysis on the spindle vibration were conducted. The experimental results show that the cutting force and spindle speed are major factors influencing surface roughness. According to the simulation and experimental analysis, reliable theoretical guidance is provided for the improvement and prediction of surface quality of an ultra-precision fly cutting.
  Keywords: aerostatic spindle; fly cutting; dynamic response; vibration; surface roughness.
  
  
• Coaxiality Detection Method with Non-adjustment for Installation Errors  
  by Xin Jin, Qiushuang Zhang, Ke Shang, Yimin Pu, Zhijing Zhang, Huan Guo 
  Abstract: During the assembly of the engine casing, the coaxiality detection for the two assemblies are essential. And the modern manufacturing industry has put forward higher requirements for the coaxiality measurement with the development of the industrial technology. The existing coaxiality detection methods are mostly based on manual measurements. It takes long time to adjust the axes of assembly parts and turntable to coincide by the current measurement method, which greatly affects production efficiency. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a coaxiality detection method which can compensate assembly installation errors automatically. The coaxiality measurement method based on the position of the assembly is deduced by introducing the measurement mechanism of the coordinate measuring machine. The data processing uses coordinate transformation and least squares fitting method. Experimental verification shows that the method do not need to adjust the assembly part repeatedly, so measuring time is reduced greatly. The method simplifies the measurement steps, and provide supports of methods and techniques for automatic detect.
  Keywords: Installation errors; Coaxiality; Non-adjustment; Automation; Detection method.
  
  
• Submicron Centroid Position Measurement Method of Screw Connected Structure under Temperature Load  
  by Xiao Chen, Muzheng Xiao, Zifu Wang, Zhijing Zhang, Xin Jin 
  Abstract: In this paper, a symmetrical fixed structure was designed, and two laser displacement sensors were placed in the two ends of screw connection structure for a real-time measurement. The entire measuring device was placed in a temperature controllable environment to measure the position change of the screw connection structure while temperature load is applied. The centroid position change of screw connection structure was calculated from the measured data. Uncertainty of the measurement method was analyzed which is about 0.1μm. And a measurement experiment was carried out on the design structural. Under the action of a pre-tightening force of 400N and a temperature change of 40℃, the maximum centroid position change of the structure was about 7.4μm. Finally, simulation of the measured structure was carried out to confirmed that the measurement method proposed in this paper is effective.
  Keywords: submicron; measurement method; screw connected structures; temperature load; screw pre-tightening force.
  
  
• Novel green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from newly discovered Putranjivaceae plant leaf extract and their antibacterial studies  
  by Shareefraza J. Ukkund, Momin Ashraf, Abhinaya Nellerichale, Apoorva B. Udupa, Sapna Kannan, Vinaya B. Koradoor, P. Prasad, Krishanraja Acharya 
  Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesised by many plant extracts so far. In this novel study we have synthesised AgNPs from Putranjivaceae leaf extract. The new plant Putranjivaceae was discovered in 2017 (Krishna et al., 2017) in West Bengal, India. The AgNO3 is treated with the leaf extract and subjected to microwave irradiation to get AgNPs. The nanoparticles were synthesised in just 10 minutes and subjected to characterisation for structural and morphological studies. The synthesis was rapid and shape of nanoparticles found uniform in nature by SEM and TEM analysis observed to of 2025nm. The primary confirmation of AgNPs was done by UV-visible-spectrophotometer and EDAX. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were optimised by several parameters like pH, salinity and substrate concentration to observe the maximum production. The silver nanoparticles were then conjugated with several antibiotics for antibacterial studies out of which erythromycin showed 3 fold increments in its efficiency.
  Keywords: Drypetes species; Putranjivaceae leaf extracts; silver nanoparticles; antibacterial studies; UV-visible spectrophotometer.
  
  
• Study of Silver Nanoparticles activity against He-La Cell Lines  
  by Shweta Rajawat, M.M. Malik 
  Abstract: In the present work, poly-dispersed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), using principles of green chemistry, are synthesized and their anti-cancer activity against He-La cell lines is studied. The synthesis method is easy, simple, environment friendly and does not require any sophisticated labs. One of the physical synthesis method, electrolytic deposition technique with black tea leaf extract as capping agent, was designed to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Elemental analysis using X-ray patterns show synthesis of highly pure silver nanoparticles. Activity against cell lines was observed in a dose-dependent manner using MTT assay. The IC50 value of sample against He-La cervical cancer cell lines were obtained at 30-fold dilutions of concentration of 178
  Keywords: Green Technology; Silver Nanoparticles; He-La cervical cell lines; IC50 values.
  
  
• Measurement and Compensation Method of Gantry CNC Machine Tool Based on Single Laser Synchronization Method  
  by Jia Minqiang, Gao Ran, Sun Lei, Guan Qianqian 
  Abstract: The gantry CNC machine tool has unique structure and characteristic. The gantry machine tool does not always form a symmetrical structure and symmetrical force during the machining process, as well as various uncertainties in the course of operation. The inconsistency will cause a non-synchronized error in the biaxial synchronous system. The no-synchronized error will affect the machining accuracy, cause the beam to be pulled and the gantry frame or drive element to be damaged. Therefore the biaxial synchronization error of the CNC machine tool is one of its most important specifications, and it should be solved firstly when compensating. This paper presents a new method called single laser synchronization method, which bases on the structure and operation characteristics of the gantry CNC machine tool, and puts forward the measurement method and compensation method of positioning error. This new method includes a special optical path layout, a characteristic way of measurement and compensation. This method has some advantages such as high precision, low-cost, efficiency etc.
  Keywords: Gantry CNC Machine Tool; Measurement; Compensation; Laser.
  
  
• Study on grinding damage of high chromium alloy based on molecular dynamics  
  by Xiaoguang Guo, Xiaoli Wang, Song Yuan, Yang Li, Renke Kang, Zhuji Jin 
  Abstract: The new cast high chromium alloy is the conventional material of the nuclear main pump thrust-bearing with good wear and corrosion resistance. According to the structural characteristics of high chromium alloy, the simulation model and the coupling potential function were constructed to study the grinding damage layer using molecular dynamics method. The simulation results show that the crystal lattice distortion caused by carbon atoms in the formation of interstitial solid solution leads to the occurrence of amorphous structure after full relaxation. The break and recombination of metal bond and nonmetal bond between atoms in the alloy result in the occurrence of damaged layer under grinding. And the bond angles between the atoms in the damage layer are less than that in the alloy matrix. The damage layer is mainly composed of atoms in front of the abrasive particle and the atoms of extrusion deformation in the bottom. Moreover, with the increase of grinding depth, the cutting force and the damage layer thickness increase. The study is conducive to understand the damage formation mechanism of high-chromium alloy materials in micro-nano processing, and provides a theoretical reference value for the actual processing.
  Keywords: Molecular dynamics; High chromium alloy; Nanoscratch; The coupling potential function; The damage layer.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJNM.2019.10023322
   
  
• Control of Crystal morphology in Energetic Drop-on-demand Inkjet Method  
  by Ruirui Zhang, Qi Lehua 
  Abstract: Nano-energetic materials are attracted the worldwide attention since they play an important role in fabricating insensitive high-energy explosives, micro-energetic devices, and explosive detectors. Here, we report a simple, but an effective strategy to control droplet coalescence during inkjet printing, as a major variable, to tailor the nanoscale morphology of energetic materials produced upon evaporation of all-liquid inks. We expect to achieve energetic materials with nanoscale particles by integrating the deposition and the nanocrystallization of energetic droplets in one step. A proprietary uniform energetic micro-droplet printing equipment is utilized to reveal the influence of temperature, frequency on the particle size of energetic materials. Uniform line, with the particle size between nanometer and microns, is successfully obtained, showing the feasibility of the proposed method for preparing the microscale charge of nano-energetic materials. We also discussed the effect of droplet coalescence on the crystal morphology.
  Keywords: uniform droplet injecti；printing parameters; insensitive high-energy explosives ;nanometer explosive; inkjet printing; energetic material; micro-energetic devices; microscale charge; control the particle size; crystal morphology; supersaturation; crystal nucleation and growth; grain refinement.
  
  
• A Novel Technique for Minimization of March Test Using Read Equivalent Stress  
  by Princy Prince, N.M. Sivamangai 
  Abstract: Static Random Access Memory is popularly used in the cache memories due to its infinite and very fast read/write operations. As technology advances, size of devices shrinks and the percent of manufacturing defects in integrated circuits increases significantly which results in different types of faults. The most crucial part regarding testing is achieving maximum fault coverage with minimal test time. March SR+ is one of the test used frequently in the industry, which has a higher percentage of fault detection with a test length of 18N. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to minimize the test time of March SR+.On this basis, we introduce a more efficient alternative to March SR+. The reformulation of March SR+ is essentially based on introducing a particular addressing sequence and read/write data sequence. This modification does not alter the capability of March SR+ to detect the former target faults, but extends the ability of many conventional March based test solutions in detecting Dynamic Read Destructive Faults (DRDFs)without any test modification. Moreover, fault detection using the proposed methodology results in a significant reduction of 11.1% in test time and 11.04%in average power consumption.
  Keywords: SRAM; word line; March AI; DRDF; fault testing; static; conventional; power reduction; march test; read equivalent stress (RES); etc.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJNM.2020.10026018