International Journal of Intellectual Property Management (18 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Innovation Capabilities with Strategic Orientations towards Firm Performance in Technology Based Organizations: The Managerial Implications for Future of Business  
  by Avinash Pawar, Balkrishan Sangvikar, Retno Purwani Setyaningrum, Henry Loupias, Denok Sunarsi 
  Abstract: Information technology is the most innovative and fastest-growing industry in the world. In this context, this paper aims to discover the mediating role of innovation capability on the dimensions of strategic orientations and its outcomes in the performance of information technology firms in India. Moreover, it also explains the relevance of adopting innovative endeavours by high-tech information technology firms. The data is collected through the questionnaire. The study finds that innovation capability plays a predominant role in enhancing entrepreneurial and technological orientation behaviours to lead efficacious performance firms. In contrast, marketing orientation does not augment its long-term growth even in the presence of intervening variables of innovation capability in information technology. The outcome of this study helps in fostering a culture for innovation while considering the dynamics of the interactions in the dimensions of a firms strategic orientation behaviours for realizing superiority in its performance for success.
  Keywords: business innovation; strategic orientation; technological orientation; entrepreneurial orientation; marketing orientation; innovation capability; firm performance; information technology firms.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2021.10041684
   
  
• Reporting and disclosure of intellectual capital: a literature review  
  by Shilpa Bhide 
  Abstract: The objective of the paper is to review the literature on the measurement methods, valuation, and disclosure (reporting) of intellectual capital. Research papers from 1998 to 2021 were collected, studied, and classified into relevant and non-relevant for the present study. Out of 150 research papers, 91 papers were identified and studied in detail, out of which around 64 research papers appear in the literature review. The results of the literature review were that it was observed in many cases the disclosures are voluntary and there seems to be no harmonisation in the disclosure requirements. Disclosure and reporting can help in decision-making to the stakeholders, even if the measurement and valuation are difficult. It can also be observed that in different types of businesses the degree of reporting and disclosures are different and influences the profit and the firms financial performance, making it an important component of disclosures and reporting.
  Keywords: intellectual capital; valuation; measurement; disclosure; reporting; firm performance.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2022.10047184
   
  
• IP management of an academic institute: a case study of an Institute of Eminence from India  
  by Priyadarshini Singh, Gouri Gargate 
  Abstract: Intellectual property (IP) is one of the key assets and empowers an organisation. It helps the organisation to realise the value of an IP associated with it. Academic and research institutes have capability to generate various forms of IP. However, in developing countries, these academic and research institutes are not always well equipped to identify and efficiently manage IP. In India, Institutes of National Importance (INIs) including Institute of Eminence (IoE) have recognised the importance of IP and developed their intellectual property management system (IPMS). This paper focuses on IPMS of one of Indias IoE. Authors have applied an IPM audit model to understand various IPM processes followed by an IoE to channelise resources for generating revenue through IP. Case study methodology is employed for this study.
  Keywords: innovation; intellectual property; technology transfer; incubators; start-ups; IP management; IP audit; India.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2022.10047856
   
  
• Road safety and patents: a study for sustainable development  
  by Soumya Prakash Patra 
  Abstract: Cross-functional application of legal principles in technology is rare but necessary. Technologies now have cross-functional roles in various research areas. For instance, in the automotive field, efforts to develop safer technologies by integrating learnings from embedded systems, IoT, etc. are ongoing. Balancing public interest in making technologies affordable and commercial interests of innovators is necessary when implementing such inventions in big markets. In this regard, legal jurisprudence and technological learnings from the management of telecom patents by SSOs under FRAND can be followed in other areas such as automotive safety systems. This article proposes a sui-generis model for regulating standard essential patents (SEPs) in the automotive domain and explores legal reasoning for legislation that balances private and public interests in developing economies like India.
  Keywords: standard essential patent; SEP; patents; automotive standards; antilock brake systems; ABS; combined brake systems; CBS; standardisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2023.10056769
   
  
• From ideas to management: a bibliometric perspective on intellectual property rights management research  
  by Esra Dundar Aravacik, Serhat Burmaoglu 
  Abstract: In a rapidly evolving technological landscape, intellectual property rights management (IPRM) has become crucial for innovation and competitiveness. This study explores the conceptual evolution and trends, cognitive background, and collaborative dynamics of IPRM from 1991 to 2023. It identifies a significant increase in IPRM publications since 1997, peaking in 2019, highlighting its growing relevance in engineering and life sciences. Keyword analysis reveals expanded focus areas including intellectual property, patent management, blockchain and open innovation, with intellectual property central in co-word and trend analysis linked to innovation and technology transfer. This underscores the strategic role of IP in fostering innovation. Additionally, the co-citation analysis findings advocate for an integrated approach to IPRM, reflecting its evolution towards strategic management and emphasising the importance of collaborative and non-traditional innovation models. This research is pivotal for shaping future technology analysis and management strategies, highlighting the strategic imperative of IPRM in a connected world.
  Keywords: intellectual property rights management; IPRM; intellectual property; management; strategic management of intellectual property; patent; innovative technologies; intellectual property rights; IPR.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10068372
   
  
• Intentions to upgrade software: evidence from Microsoft Windows users  
  by Thuy Dung Pham Thi, Nam Tien Duong 
  Abstract: In the business market, planned obsolescence is a marketing strategy employed by manufacturers to encourage consumers to purchase new products through frequent design updates and discontinuation of product maintenance and updates, thereby generating more profits. Therefore, this study adopts a perspective of planned obsolescence and integrates it with the push-pull-mooring model to establish a model for operating system upgrades and explore users intentions towards both genuine and pirated upgrade options. A questionnaire was administered to 296 Windows users, and the proposed model and hypotheses were validated using the PLS statistical software. The results indicate that planned obsolescence positively influences intentions for both genuine and pirated upgrades. Subjective norms and relative advantage positively influence users intentions to upgrade to genuine versions, while switching costs increase intentions for pirated upgrades and negatively influence intentions for genuine upgrades.
  Keywords: upgrade; windows; obsolescence; planned; intentions.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10068662
   
  
• Evolving copyright paradigms in the age of live streaming in music and video piracies  
  by Aranya Nath, Gautami Chakravarty 
  Abstract: Modern technology, including artificial intelligence and chatbots, has revolutionised our lives, but it also has its downsides. Creativity and innovation are crucial for civilisations, and copyright protection is essential for preserving scientific and creative works. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in digital piracy, with illegal installations of taped broadcasts on user upload platforms (UUPs) causing a surge in piracy. In India, circumvention is considered a standalone violation despite copyright provisions and criminal penalties being provided for those who violate Digital Rights Management (DRM). Fair use acts are not punishable by law, and manufacturers and providers of DRM circumvention technology are not liable. This lack of enforcement hinders intellectual property rights progress and the digital ages growth. Comparative analysis of other countries laws is necessary to improve security in the digital age.
  Keywords: copyright law; live streaming piracy; content protection; digital rights management; streaming platforms.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10068710
   
  
• Harmonising the see-saw of conflicts: mitigation of regulatory clashes for enhancing cooperation between CCI and IP authorities  
  by Latika Choudhary, Aratrika Deb 
  Abstract: The Competition Commission of India (CCI), established in 2002, ensures fair competition and competitive neutrality. Alongside, sector-specific regulators address technical issues and align objectives with broader economic goals. Collaboration between CCI and these regulators is emphasised but often hindered by jurisdictional ambiguities. While sectoral regulators focus on structural issues, CCI examines post facto behavioural aspects to foster economic growth. Intellectual property regulation is one area where sectoral regulators lack competition-specific guidelines, risking overregulation and stifling competition. CCIs role in penalising anti-competitive behaviour and offering settlements, absent in IP authorities, is crucial for addressing such conduct in IP-intensive sectors. Effective enforcement of competition laws requires alignment between CCI and IP regulators. This paper examines jurisdictional conflicts between CCI and IP authorities, proposing approaches for harmonised efforts to address anti-competitive behaviour, ensuring economic goals like public goods distribution and employment generation are not adversely affected.
  Keywords: anti-competitive; IP&Competition; jurisdictional conflict; Competition Commission of India; CCI; harmonising efforts.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10068750
   
  
• Brand protection in Indias digital economy: trademarks vs. competition regulation  
  by Ipsita Das, Aranya Nath, Anusuya Ghosh, Anas Mhanna 
  Abstract: The digital economy in India has significantly impacted brand protection, with the need for robust trademark protection intensifying to combat issues like counterfeiting, cybersquatting, and unauthorised use. Competition regulation aims to ensure fair market practices, prevent monopolistic behaviour, and foster innovation. This study examines the legislative and judicial framework governing trademarks in India, highlighting key provisions under the Trade Marks Act, of 1999, and their application in the digital context. It also assesses the role of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in addressing anti-competitive practices. The study identifies tensions and synergies between trademark protection and competition regulation, examining how digital platforms, e-commerce, and social media influence these legal domains. Comparing the study with jurisdictions like the EU and the USA, the paper proposes a balanced approach that harmonises trademark enforcement with competition law principles to ensure brand protection efforts do not stifle competition and innovation in Indias burgeoning digital economy. Recommendations include policy reforms, enhanced cooperation between regulatory bodies, and the adoption of technology-driven solutions to safeguard brands while promoting a competitive and fair digital marketplace.
  Keywords: brand protection; trademarks; competition regulation; Indian digital economy; intellectual property rights; IPR; e-commerce; digital marketplaces; competition law.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10068752
   
  
• Catalysing circularity: tackling intellectual property barriers to technology transfer and circular solutions in developing economies  
  by Latika Choudhary, Hardik Daga 
  Abstract: The imperative for transitioning to a circular economy is widely acknowledged as urgent. While the problems related to this transformation may differ among nations, it is crucial to perceive them as opportunities. One of the many challenges to this transformation is the significant lack of appropriate technologies. Facilitating the transfer of technology is becoming an essential requirement. Nevertheless, there are ongoing difficulties related to matters of ownership and the effective transfer of information, comprising both explicit and implicit or tacit knowledge. Given these difficulties, this study intends to offer practical insights and effective remedies for managing the obstacles of moving to a circular economy by systematically exploring options related to technical transfer, ownership delineation, and knowledge dissemination. By elucidating pathways to surmount these hurdles, this research endeavours to contribute to the advancement of circular economic paradigms on a global scale.
  Keywords: circular economy; technology transfer; tacit knowledge; knowledge leakage; IP ownership.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10068905
   
  
• Beyond marketing: the motivation and challenge chapters behind Kumamons trademark management  
  by Chi-Fong Feng, Yu-Chan Chiu, Li-Chun Huang 
  Abstract: This study explores the unconventional trademark management strategies used by the Kumamoto Government to manage Kumamon, a mascot with widespread popularity in Asia, the US, and Europe. We investigate the motivations behind the governments shift in its trademark portfolio, focusing on the influence of collective intelligence (CI) in shaping these decisions. Through qualitative document analysis, we assess the role of CI, stakeholder collaboration, and legal factors in the Kumamoto Governments trademark strategy. Our findings reveal that CI significantly impacted these trademark decisions, while also identifying legal and business challenges related to rights ownership, estoppel, and trademark ownership. This research broadens the discussion beyond traditional marketing, contributing to the understanding of how CI affects brand image in the digital age. It also highlights the legal complexities of collaboratively created intellectual property, offering new insights into marketing management.
  Keywords: collective intelligence; Kumamon; ownership; trademark management.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10069043
   
  
• Transforming sustainability via competition law: a cutting-edge global framework for intellectual property  
  by R. Gokul, E. Prema 
  Abstract: European Union (EU) competition law aims to maintain and boost economic efficiency, which enhances consumer welfare by preventing innovation- or static-driven anti-competitive activity. IP rights must be preserved to promote sustainable innovation. Company, global, and functional enterprises, goods, and services value Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). It explores the complicated relationships between IP rights, competition law, and sustainability, creating a new paradigm for accomplishing the SDGs. The report examines Intellectual Property Rights, competition law enforcement, and sustainability factors like environmental impact, social responsibility, economic viability, and technological innovation in 15 nations from 2000 to 2023. Regression analysis and panel corrected standard errors show that strong competition law enforcement boosts IPs role in green innovation, market competitiveness, and equitable technology access. Important studies show that competition rules increase intellectual propertys sustainability, but poor enforcement reduces their usefulness. The study stresses that IP and competition rules must be harmonised for sustainability. Cross-tabulation and correlation analysis show how IP affects sustainability measures differently due to anti-competitive activity and market dominance rules. After analysing these relationships, the research makes policy proposals to align economic and legal systems with sustainability goals and enable innovation-driven, just global development.
  Keywords: intellectual property; competition law; sustainability; European Union; EU; green innovation; market competitiveness; Sustainable Development Goals; SDGs.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10069560
   
  
• Patent prices and influencing factors from the perspective of computable general equilibrium modelling  
  by Yuan Tao 
  Abstract: The mainstream income method of patent valuation remains subjective; therefore, further theoretical exploration of patent valuation is essential. This study examines the price of patent rights and the factors influencing it using a linear computable general equilibrium model. The model is adapted to describe technological progress over time. The model can also take into account the quantity of products granted, the patent royalty per unit of output, the uniform equilibrium interest rate and the changes in these three variables over time. Using the discounted cash flow method and the traditional income approach, the proposed model can derive the price of patent rights using these variables. A new market approach is also developed based on this model. According to this model, patent prices are influenced by the nature of patent, the technologies used by the production sectors, the preferences of households (consumers) and the size of the population.
  Keywords: patent price; computable general equilibrium; patent valuation; technological progress; income approach; market approach.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2024.10070727
   
  
• Inventors knowledge acquisition, self-innovation efficiency, and the role of organisation for patenting in high-quality green patent production in China  
  by Gao Yuan, Rahimi Abidin, Faisal Zulhumadi 
  Abstract: This research addressed the gaps in literature by measuring inventors knowledge acquisition ability and self-innovation efficiency and analysing the moderating role of the organisation for patenting, which refers to the internal structures, strategies, and management practices within firms that support patenting activities, such as patent culture, rewarding mechanisms, patent committees, and top management involvement. This concept is distinct from external patent-granting organisations and highlights how firms can internally enhance their ability to secure high-quality patents. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was used for data collection using convenience sampling. 352 respondents of this research were professionals who hold formal positions in green innovation enterprises in China. The findings of measurement model assessment and structural model assessment were used for the analysis of data using Smart PLS 4. The study found significant correlations between inventors knowledge acquisition ability, self-innovation efficiency, and the role of firm-level patent organisations in high-quality green patent production. The study provides practical implications for firms to grant high-quality green patents successfully.
  Keywords: inventor’s knowledge acquisition; self-innovation efficiency; high-quality green patent; patent organisation; China.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2025.10071650
   
  
• Unveiling the drivers of CSR disclosure in emerging economies: the role of boardrooms, firm characteristics and political stability in Palestine  
  by Ammar Salem, Alaa Jarrar, Raed Abdelhaq, Abdulnaser Ibrahim Nour, Abdalmuttaleb M.A. Musleh Al-Sartawi 
  Abstract: This study investigates the impact of board structure, firm characteristics, and political stability on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure of Palestine Exchange (PEX)-listed companies over the 20142023 period. Using 430 firm-year observations of 43 firms, CSR disclosure was measured with a 28-item index. Results indicate that board independence and political stability are negatively associated with CSR disclosure, while audit committee presence, firm age, and firm size have positive effects. CEO duality, gender diversity, board meetings, board education, profitability, and leverage were not significant. Overall, the Palestinian firms disclosed 46% of the CSR index items, with evidence of a strong negative association between political stability and CSR disclosure. The findings demonstrate significant implications for policymakers and regulators to embrace improved governance practices and implement standardised CSR measurement tools to promote transparency and accountability in emerging economies.
  Keywords: CSR disclosure; board composition; Palestine Exchange; PEX; political stability; CSR index; firm characteristics; political stability; Palestine.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2025.10073669
   
  
• Investigating service quality, perceived risk, and marketing strategies to enhance perceived value in online shopping  
  by Huy Mach Tran, Thuy Dung Pham Thi 
  Abstract: This study examines how personalised marketing (PM) and external cues influence customer-perceived value in e-commerce using the S-O-R framework. PM and external cues act as stimuli affecting service quality and perceived risk, which mediate their impact on customer-perceived value. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis of e-commerce user data shows that PM enhances service quality, reduces perceived risks, and boosts customer-perceived value. External cues, like brand reputation and pricing transparency, also lower risks and improve service quality perceptions. The findings underscore the importance of PM, effective external cues, and risk mitigation strategies, offering actionable insights for enhancing trust, engagement, and competitive advantage in online marketplaces. This study advances knowledge by examining the interplay between personalised marketing (PM), external cues, and customer-perceived value in e-commerce through the S-O-R framework. By highlighting the mediating roles of service quality and perceived risk, it provides novel insights into how PM and external cues enhance value perception. The findings offer practical implications for e-commerce managers, emphasising strategies to foster trust, improve engagement, and strengthen competitive advantage in online marketplaces.
  Keywords: service quality; risk; value; marketing strategies; online shopping.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2025.10073798
   
  
• Intellectual property in short-, medium-, and long-term planning: alternative paths for commercialising  
  by Anargul Tapalchinova, Aigul Alibekova, Myrzabek Zhanat, Maiya Kayumova, Nataliia Fominykh 
  Abstract: The aim of this research is to outline the spectrum of paths for commercialising intellectual property and to identify the most advantageous approaches for different planning timeframes (short-term, medium-term, and long-term). The approximation of trend dynamics for the analysis and forecasting of changes in the field of intellectual property has enabled the identification of key patterns and conclusions regarding the current state and future prospects of this sector, with a focus on Kazakhstan. An analysis of business practices in the field of intellectual property over the past two decades has highlighted major innovation holders. Cluster analysis has grouped countries based on similar intellectual property creation indicators, allowing for the identification of groups of countries with comparable levels of activity and characteristics in this area. This facilitated the development of recommendations for enhancing the national intellectual property system, drawing on successful international practices.
  Keywords: academic entrepreneurship; business protection; clustering; innovation economy; intellectual property rights.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2025.10073896
   
  
• Metaverse medicine: pioneering anti-aging solutions in virtual healthcare  
  by Dileep Kumar Murala 
  Abstract: Metaverse technology intrigues academia and industry. Several stakeholders are considering metaverse expansion for app usability. Healthcare uses the Metaverse to improve services and lives. Metaverse technology intrigues academia and industry. Several stakeholders are considering metaverse expansion for app usability. Healthcare uses the Metaverse to improve services and lives. By studying metaverse-based digital anti-aging healthcare, we demonstrate how metaverse applications in chronic illness treatment, exercise, and mental health monitoring increase healthcare and patient longevity. The Metaverse creates new healthcare choices using AI, Blockchain, IoT, DT, and IT. These technologies help doctors improve patient outcomes, decrease costs, and offer novel, longevity-promoting experiences. Blockchain securely and transparently keeps healthcare data, while AI can evaluate massive databases and recommend therapies. Therapeutic IoT devices collect real-time patient data. These technologies could revolutionise healthcare and boost patient well-being worldwide. This study advises developing digital anti-aging for customers to live longer.
  Keywords: healthcare; virtual reality; artificial intelligence; blockchain; internet of things; immersive technology; digital twin technology.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJIPM.2025.10074281