International Journal of Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation (8 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Advancing breast cancer detection: a comprehensive investigation of advanced classification techniques  
  by Shilpa Choudhary, Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan, Prasun Chakrabarti 
  Abstract: As the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer requires early detection to have the best possible treatment results. However, conventional screening techniques, like mammography and clinical examinations, can take time and effort. In this paper, we proposed a predictive model for the identification of breast cancer by combining state-of-the-art model BERT with machine learning approaches. Several machine learning algorithms, such as K-nearest neighbours, decision tree, random forest, neural network, and BERT, were tested on the Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic) Dataset for early prediction of the diseases. The BERT models accuracy was improved by using hyperparameter optimisation techniques. For the proposed works evaluation, we used metrics like accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall on the standard publically available datasets. With an accuracy of 0.98 across various splits and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98 in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, our results show that BERT consistently works better than other models. These findings highlight the value of early and reliable identification in improving patient outcomes, highlighting the promise of machine learning algorithms, notably BERT, inaccurate breast cancer prediction.
  Keywords: breast cancer prediction; K-nearest neighbours; KNNs; decision tree; neural networks; random forest; BERT; classification.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10072165
   
  
• Cost effective biomass supply chain optimisation for the bio-energy industry  
  by Prajwal Panwar, Anand Chauhan, Anubhav Pratap Singh, Ritu Arora 
  Abstract: Increasing energy needs and environmental concerns require sustainable solutions. A promising alternative to fossil fuels is biodiesel, generated from easily accessible macro-algae such as Ulva fasciata, Cystoseira indica and Gracilaria corticata. A cost-effective macroalgal biodiesel supply chain is proposed using optimisation methodology. Utilising an advanced algorithm, the model optimises biodiesel production from macroalgae procurement to bio-refinery and depot placement. The framework incorporates expenses, biorefinery site, biodiesel storage and strategic macroalgae extraction centres. The model is optimised using a genetic algorithm, factoring in the expenses of installing biodiesel manufacturing plants. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that these initial expenditures considerably impact the supply chains economic burden. Sensitivity analysis confirms the frameworks usefulness, making it valuable for stakeholders such as traders and policymakers promoting the biofuel business. This study sets forth the foundation for the manufacture of biodiesel from macroalgae on a massive scale, ensuring its sustainability.
  Keywords: macro-algae; sustainable energy; supply chain; bio-diesel; genetic algorithm; optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073145
   
  
• Design and performance analysis of flexible 2 x 2 linear planar array MIMO antennas with beam steering for on-body and WLAN applications  
  by M. Ribitha Elizabeth, M. Vadivel 
  Abstract: This paper introduces an on-body simulation and WLAN low-cost flexible linear planar array four-port MIMO antenna with 9.46 dBi gain and 2.41 GHz operating frequency. Compactness, body closeness, and high gain have been the main design requirements, which are of exceedingly high use in WLAN, WBAN, and Wi-Fi wearable devices. The antenna is fabricated using 0.25 mm thick polyimide of low loss tangent of 0.004 and a 3.8 dielectric constant to offer the electrical performance without compromising structural stiffness. The two-port elements are fed into a linear planar array by a corporate feedline network to ensure maximum directivity and prevent signal loss in body-centric environments. To further improve the characteristics of the radiation, an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is used for effective main lobe radiation and beam forming in the x-axis plane. The structure is designed from a simulation model of 10 g human tissue, and the SAR is 1.09 W/kg, which meets IEEE C95.1 and ICNIRP wearable device safety standards. The antennas free-space reflection coefficient is -20 dB and -45 dB with EBG at the operational frequency. The antennas diversity gain is approximately 10 dBi with an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value of less than 0.003, making it effective for element-to-element isolation and MIMO-based on-body communication system compatibility.
  Keywords: linear planar array; four-port MIMO; EBG reflector; beam steering; wireless body area network; microstrip patch antennas; MPA; liquid crystal polymers; LCP; polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; polyethene; PE; polyethene terephthalate; PET.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073554
   
  
• Heat transfer performance analysis of steam boilers-fin and tube heat exchangers under varying geometric dimensions  
  by Samson Kolawole Fasogbon, Ibrahim Ademola Fetuga, Ayodele Temitope Oyeniran, Mishael Alelume, John Temitope Onafowokan, Opeyemi Samuel Eso, Tochukwu Anthony Ndokwu, Samuel Olabode Afolabi, Victor Blessed Bassey, Rufus Seyi Oluwadare, Olabode Thomas Olakoyejo 
  Abstract: This study analyses the heat transfer performance of fin and tube heat exchangers in steam boilers, focusing on the impact of geometrical parameters such as the number of tube rows, tube diameter, fin pitch, fin thickness, and fin surface area on thermal efficiency. Flue gases typically exit at temperatures between 298K and 523K, resulting in energy losses of 10-30% in industrial boiler systems. The analysis employed COMSOL Multiphysics to model flue gas flow using three approaches: laminar flow modeling and two turbulence models (k-epsilon and k omega), all based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The k-omega model provided the best alignment with experimental data (Wang et al., 2006), enhancing heat transfer predictions. The results show that heat transfer stabilises beyond six tube rows, with Nusselt numbers ranging from 10.97 to 21.16 and effectiveness reaching 0.54. Three parameters proved critical for maximising heat transfer performance: fin surface area, fin thickness, and tube diameter. The optimal flue gas flow rate was determined to be within the range of 0.02 to 0.2 kg/s. These findings guide the design of efficient heat exchangers for waste heat recovery, minimising energy losses in industrial applications.
  Keywords: waste heat recovery; flue gases; thermal performance; fin and tube heat exchangers; tube rows; fin pitch; fin thickness; fin surface area.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073555
   
  
• Hybrid relay protocol design based on NOMA  
  by Sankarsan Panda, M. Karthikeyan, S. Palanikumar, Sheshang Degadwala 
  Abstract: In this paper, there is a mixed access method that links many things to the narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT). It uses both non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and orthogonal multiple access (OMA). Working together in a single decode-and-forward (DF) or amplify-and-forward (AF) way loses a lot of time and space. It also suggests a new Hybrid NOMA gearbox plan with relay-adaptively chosen teamwork. The steady-state probability is used to find the closed formulas for the output and the chance that the system will break down. We improve the process above even more by letting the parent node send the failed received overlay signals more than once. It is less likely that there will be an outage when there are more than one resends that can be made. The suggested adaptable joint hybrid NOMA transmission strategy is better than the pure OMA transmission mode in a number of ways.
  Keywords: NOMA; system throughput; OMA transmission mode; protocol design.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073678
   
  
• Circularly polarised compact square dielectric resonator antenna for web applications  
  by Madhusmita C. Sahoo, Aswin Patani, Nitinkumar Jivarajbhai Bathani 
  Abstract: The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is utilised for ultra wide band (UWB) applications due to low conducting losses, better flexibility and better radiation efficiency. However, achieving compact geometry with circular polarisation (CP) while suppressing interference from existing wireless services remains a challenge. Moreover, mutual coupling between ports in multi-port UWB DRAs can significantly degrade performance. Considering these, this work presents a CP-based square DRA (SDRA) for UWB applications with the dimension of 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.508 mm. This design achieves a triple notch of 3.2-3.9 GHz (Wi-MAX), 4-6 GHz (WLAN) and 8-12 GHz (X-band) applications. The antenna is implemented on an FR4 substrate and incorporates a defected ground structure (DGS) to reduce mutual coupling between the two ports. Then, a microstrip feed line is provided, and the parasitic patch is placed between the two ports for better reflection coefficient for UWB applications. The proposed design achieves gains of 13.3, 2.7, and 22 dBic with corresponding VSWR values of 1.10, 1.31 and 1.26 for the three respective notched bands.
  Keywords: dielectric resonator antenna; DRA; ultra wide band; UWB; circular polarisation; triple notches; parasitic patch; defected ground structure.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073816
   
  
• Investigation of the behaviour of double corrugated steel shear walls with internal stiffeners  
  by Wentao Qin 
  Abstract: The double corrugated steel shear wall (DCSSW) system has been introduced recently, in which identical and parallel trapezoidal corrugated plates (CPs) are connected through high-strength bolts. In this paper, the lateral behaviour of internally stiffened DCSSWs is investigated under monotonic loading using the finite element method in the ABAQUS software. To make comparisons, the non-connected DCSSWs were also considered in the current paper. The results indicated that the maximum lateral strengths of the non-connected DCSSWs are less than those of linked DCSSWs. The maximum strength of the non-connected DCSSWs with a corrugation angle of 30, 45, and 60 is less than that of connected DCSSWs by 34%, 14%, and 10%, respectively. Additionally, this study demonstrated that the maximum strength of the internally stiffened DCSSWs is 3.4% to 39.8% greater than that of non-connected DCSSWs. Nevertheless, the maximum strength of the DCSSWs with internal stiffeners is ultimately 4.5% greater than that of linked DCSSWs. Furthermore, a thicker, stiffer material results in higher maximum strength.
  Keywords: double corrugated steel shear wall; DCSSW; strength and initial stiffness; IS; pushover curve; corrugated plates; hysteresis curve; flat plate; elastic buckling.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073914
   
  
• Min-path based PTM approach to system reliability: failure rate analysis and MTTF  
  by Sadiya Naaz, Mangey Ram, Akshay Kumar 
  Abstract: Prioritising reliability in the planning, installing, and upkeep of traffic signal management systems is crucial for traffic authorities and structure functions. The reliability of these networks can be increased, resulting in more effective and safer traffic control, by implementing sturdy technology, periodic repair procedures, redundancy initiatives, cybersecurity procedures, as well as successful surveillance. This study presents and modelled a traffic signal management system with the goal of assessing its reliability, when the travellers and arrivals are unpredictable. The systems primary functions are to optimise flows of traffic, increase safety, and reduce congestion at crossings, all of that contribute to increased effectiveness of the network. The failure rate study of the suggested traffic signal management System is established second. In order to investigate the reliability assessment, the extremely well-known matrix-based min-path path tracing method procedure is applied instead of u-function approach. Thirdly, the models variation is shown using the exponential decay curve. In order to quantify the deterioration intensities or hazard rate of an entire system or component over a period of time, we lastly assess the breakdown intensity index for the proposed system. Finally, the recommended systems cumulative signature has been assessed.
  Keywords: traffic signal management system; min-path based matrix methodology; path tracing method; MTTF; hazard intensity index.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10075000