International Journal of Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation (13 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• HML-VBSP: a hybrid machine learning framework for predicting multiple vector-borne diseases simulation using soft voting strategy and hyper parameter tuning systems  
  by K. Kavitha, T. Prabhu 
  Abstract: Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika are vector-borne illnesses that are becoming more common as the worlds population grows. Environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, are frequently incorporated into infectious disease models. Early warning of disease outbreaks may be provided by combining forecasting models with increasing computer capability and better AI technologies. Then, using a voting classifier with a hard voting strategy, the proposed HML-VBDP model for vector-borne disease prediction is constructed by combining a random forest (RF), a support vector classifier (SVC), and a gradient boosting (GB) classifier. To optimise parameters such as the learning rate, number of estimators for GB, regularisation parameter (C), kernel coefficient (gamma) for SVC, and maximum depth and number of estimators for RF, we use RandomizedSearchCV to tune each classifiers hyperparameters before training the model. To train the HML-VBDP model, we utilise the training data. Then, to check its performance, we use the testing data. The efficacy of the model is assessed using evaluation measures including recall, accuracy, precision, F1-score, ROC curve, and confusion matrix.
  Keywords: hyper parameter tuning systems; vector-borne disease; VBD; random forest; support vector machine; SVM; gradient boosting; vector-borne diseases simulation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10075480
   
  
• Spintronics for intelligent, low-power, and scalable electronics  
  by Payal Jangra 
  Abstract: As traditional semiconductor devices reach their limitations in terms of further scaling and integration, spintronic technologies are emerging as a viable alternative. In contrast to charge-based electronics, spintronic devices utilise the electrons spin, providing distinct benefits in terms of low leakage power, high endurance, non-volatility, and speed in read/write operations. These attributes render them extremely desirable in contrast to CMOS equivalents and well-suited for computing requirements, such as big data and the internet of things (IoT). This article offers a comprehensive overview of spintronics evolution in the last two decades, encompassing the underlying physical phenomena such as spin-orbit driven effects like the spin hall effect, tunnelling magnetoresistance, and device-level applications, including spin valves and spin logic circuits. In addition, the article describes the present status of spintronic research and offers a vision on its future trajectory, highlighting the significance of spintronics to drive next-generation computing and memory technologies.
  Keywords: magnetic tunnel junction; MTJ; spin hall effect; SHE; spin-orbit torque; SOT; non-volatile memories; NVM; spin-transfer torque; STT; racetrack memory; RM; internet of things; IoT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10076174
   
  
• Automated recognition of power quality disturbances for internet of power quality things  
  by V. Jomole Varghese, M.P. Vidhya, B. Smitha 
  Abstract: Real-time power quality (PQ) monitoring has become most essential to evaluate the severity of voltage variations for timely protecting distributed energy systems, appliances and equipment connected with internet of things (IoT) networks. In this paper, we attempt to present a low-complexity PQ disturbance (PQD) recognition method for automatically detecting variation events, such as sags, swells, interruptions and transients according to the IEEE Std. 1159. The proposed PQD event recognition method consists of digital filtering, Hilbert transform (HT) and decision tree. The proposed PQD recognition method is evaluated using the simulated PQ signals according to the IEEE Std. 1159 and the real-time PQ signals. The proposed method had a recognition accuracy of 96-100% for detecting the voltage sag, swell, momentary interruption, transient and combined disturbances.
  Keywords: power quality; PQ; power quality disturbance; PQD; Hilbert transform; HT; internet of power quality things; IoPQT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10076587
   
  
• Design of microstrip antenna using ISM band for WBAN devices  
  by S. Ashok Kumar, T. Shanmuganantham, D. Sindhanaiselvi, N. Sudhakar Reddy 
  Abstract: The advancement in body area network (BAN) was started in 1995 for the idea of combining wireless personal area network (WPAN) with wireless body area network (WBAN) which can be implemented to communicate near and around the human body. Initially, industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band was allocated to industries, scientific researches and medical field researches, but later, it have been allowed to use in applications such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Cordless phone, etc. For the above mentioned applications, the antennas such as microstrip patch antenna, helical antenna, dielectric patch antenna, etc. have been used. Since microstrip patch antenna is compact in size and weight, they have become dominant in this field. This antenna is designed on 36 x 28 mm3 sheet of FR-4 substrate material. A wide bandwidth of 400 MHz can withstand the detuning effect caused by body posture and movement. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on free space is analysed. The radiation gain, VSWR and return loss are also measured for analysing the antenna design and making the antenna, a good component for wearable devices.
  Keywords: wireless body area network; WBAN; ISM band; microstrip patch antenna; gain; wearable devices; body area network; BAN; wireless personal area network; WPAN.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10076672
   
  
• Performance of single elliptical-shaped three-blade Savonius micro-wind turbine installed on car roof: simulation and experimental study  
  by Hemantchandra N. Patel, Kalpesh V. Modi, Manthan A. Modhia, Falak T. Makwana 
  Abstract: The implementation of wind energy conversion devices in automobiles to harness/harvest the energy from wind faces significant challenges, as it affects the vehicles aerodynamic characteristics and overall performance. The simulation and experimentations were conducted to study the effect of installing single elliptical-shaped three-blade Savonius micro-wind turbine (MWT) on car roof on aerodynamics and power generation. The simulations on car model were carried out at various car speeds (20 to 120 km/h) for two cases case-I: car without MWT, and case-II: car with single MWT in enclosure. The simulation results indicated that single MWT generated 2.3481 and 7.6674 W power at MWT rotation of 2,123 and 3,185 RPM (car speeds of 40 and 60 km/h). Experimental results indicated that single MWT generated 1.1562 and 5.41 W effective power at MWT rotation of 1,765 and 2,365 RPM and relative velocity of 16.36 and 23.9 m/s (car speed 59 and 86 km/h).
  Keywords: aerodynamics; drag coefficient; lift coefficient; computational fluid dynamics; CFD; wind energy; micro-wind turbine; MWT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10077182
   
  
• Experimental analysis of soil quality using internet of LoRaWAN and predicting the soil nutrient using federated learning for next generation sustainable agriculture  
  by M. Vinodhini, C. Neeladharan 
  Abstract: Federated Learning has become an emerging technology for the analysis of the soil nutrient index (SNI). To address the existing issue, the proposed hybrid long range (LoRa) with federated learning (LFL)-based real-time soil quality management system in a specific zone, Ambur, Vellore District. The process begins with the collection of real-time soil samples from the specified zone using a LoRaWAN-enabled prototype system, ensuring continuous monitoring and data acquisition. Second, the soil samples undergo scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to identify key organic indicators like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phenol, chloride, and phosphate, which provide insights into soil health and contamination levels. The gathered real-time soil nutrient data is utilised to train a federated learning (FL) model, which predicts the soil nutrient index efficiently while maintaining data privacy. The proposed system integrated approach combines LoRaWAN-based monitoring with advanced AI-driven analytics, enabling effective soil health evaluation.
  Keywords: federated learning; soil nutrient index; SNI; internet of LoRaWAN prototype; sustainable agriculture; real-time soil data; machine learning classifiers; scanning electron microscopy; SEM analysis; federated learning; SNI; LoRaWAN; machine learning.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10077681
   
  
• Experimental and multi-objective optimisation study on impact strength and surface roughness in fused filament fabrication of flexible TPU component  
  by Rituparna Saha, Subhash Chandra Panja, Sankar Narayan Patra, Sunil Kumar Sharma, Sovan Sahoo, Sumit Dhar 
  Abstract: The performance of fused filament fabrication (FFF) components is strongly influenced by printing parameters, which govern deposition, interlayer bonding, and surface morphology. For flexible TPU, widely used in energy-absorbing applications, the combined effects of these parameters on impact strength and surface quality remain unclear. This study evaluates layer height, infill angle, and builds orientation using Taguchi L9 design, ANOVA, and optical microscopy, with Grey relational analysis applied for multi-objective optimisation to identify balanced settings. Results show layer height is the most influential factor, improving impact strength through better interlayer diffusion but increasing surface roughness due to stair-stepping. Build orientation affects impact strength, while infill angle has little effect. The optimal combination of 0.17 mm layer height, +-22.5 infill angle, and 0 build orientation achieves a balance between mechanical strength and surface quality. The study demonstrates the role of process parameters and layer morphology in optimising flexible TPU components.
  Keywords: fused filament fabrication; FFF; thermoplastic polyurethane; TPU; Taguchi; analysis of variance; ANOVA; single- objective optimisation; grey relational analysis; GRA.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10077850
   
  
• Enhanced image manipulation detection using lightweight MobileNet and meta graph neural networks  
  by Mahejabi Khan, Samta Gajbhiye, Rajesh Tiwari 
  Abstract: Digital manipulation of images has been made widespread by the availability of advanced editing and generative tools. While these tools make it easy to create visual content, they also pose a risk to digital authenticity, security verification, journalism credibility and forensic investigations. The increasing number of manipulation methods calls for accurate and scalable methods for detection. Many existing deep learning models such as conventional CNN, fully convolutional networks, hybrid autoencoders and CNN-LSTM frameworks still suffer from high computational cost, slower inference and limited generalisation on manipulation types. To overcome those limitations, a lightweight detection framework using MobileNet architecture is proposed and augmented with Meta Graph Neural Networks to learn relational features from each other region in the image. Depth-wise separable convolutions allow efficient feature extraction using few parameters. Using the CASIA2 dataset with 12,614 samples, the model achieved 91.67% training accuracy and 99.29% validation accuracy with 0.0220 validation loss, which is better than CNN, FCNN, CNN-AE and CNN-LSTM baselines.
  Keywords: image manipulation detection; lightweight MobileNet; meta graph neural network; Meta-GNN; digital forensics; computational efficiency.
  
  
• A discrete-event simulation approach to investigate order and production cycle times  
  by Gökhan Eğilmez, Ridvan Gedik, David Reitz 
  Abstract: This paper proposes a simulation approach to assist with capacity extension decisions and inventory control policy adoption issues observed in this growing industry A novel discrete event simulation modelling approach was proposed to introduce the metal powder production process along with supplier and inventory management modules Four simulation models were developed. A manufacturing plant located in CT was used as a case study, which has a high level of product mix and produces metal powders, metal bars, and paste to a large group of customers in North America, Europe, and Asia markets Findings indicated that scenario 3 (simultaneous adoption of the proposed inventory control policy and assigning the capacity extension decision to the lower screening operations) reduced the order and production cycle times by 2 34% and 38 29%, respectively with a statistical significance of 0.01.
  Keywords: discrete event simulation; DES; inventory control; reorder point; ROP; statistical analysis; metal powder production.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10077200
   
  
• Circularly polarised compact square dielectric resonator antenna for web applications  
  by Madhusmita C. Sahoo, Ashwin Patani, Nitinkumar Jivarajbhai Bathani 
  Abstract: The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is utilised for ultra wide band (UWB) applications due to low conducting losses, better flexibility and better radiation efficiency. However, achieving compact geometry with circular polarisation (CP) while suppressing interference from existing wireless services remains a challenge. Moreover, mutual coupling between ports in multi-port UWB DRAs can significantly degrade performance. Considering these, this work presents a CP-based square DRA (SDRA) for UWB applications with the dimension of 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.508 mm. This design achieves a triple notch of 3.2-3.9 GHz (Wi-MAX), 4-6 GHz (WLAN) and 8-12 GHz (X-band) applications. The antenna is implemented on an FR4 substrate and incorporates a defected ground structure (DGS) to reduce mutual coupling between the two ports. Then, a microstrip feed line is provided, and the parasitic patch is placed between the two ports for better reflection coefficient for UWB applications. The proposed design achieves gains of 13.3, 2.7, and 22 dBic with corresponding VSWR values of 1.10, 1.31 and 1.26 for the three respective notched bands.
  Keywords: dielectric resonator antenna; DRA; ultra wide band; UWB; circular polarisation; triple notches; parasitic patch; defected ground structure.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073816
   
  
• Investigation of the behaviour of double corrugated steel shear walls with internal stiffeners  
  by Wentao Qin 
  Abstract: The double corrugated steel shear wall (DCSSW) system has been introduced recently, in which identical and parallel trapezoidal corrugated plates (CPs) are connected through high-strength bolts. In this paper, the lateral behaviour of internally stiffened DCSSWs is investigated under monotonic loading using the finite element method in the ABAQUS software. To make comparisons, the non-connected DCSSWs were also considered in the current paper. The results indicated that the maximum lateral strengths of the non-connected DCSSWs are less than those of linked DCSSWs. The maximum strength of the non-connected DCSSWs with a corrugation angle of 30°, 45°, and 60° is less than that of connected DCSSWs by 34%, 14%, and 10%, respectively. Additionally, this study demonstrated that the maximum strength of the internally stiffened DCSSWs is 3.4% to 39.8% greater than that of non-connected DCSSWs. Nevertheless, the maximum strength of the DCSSWs with internal stiffeners is ultimately 4.5% greater than that of linked DCSSWs. Furthermore, a thicker, stiffer material results in higher maximum strength.
  Keywords: double corrugated steel shear wall; DCSSW; strength and initial stiffness; IS; pushover curve; corrugated plates; hysteresis curve; flat plate; elastic buckling.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10073914
   
  
• Min-path based PTM approach to system reliability: failure rate analysis and MTTF  
  by Sadiya Naaz, Mangey Ram, Akshay Kumar 
  Abstract: Prioritising reliability in the planning, installing, and upkeep of traffic signal management systems is crucial for traffic authorities and structure functions. The reliability of these networks can be increased, resulting in more effective and safer traffic control, by implementing sturdy technology, periodic repair procedures, redundancy initiatives, cybersecurity procedures, as well as successful surveillance. This study presents and modelled a traffic signal management system with the goal of assessing its reliability, when the travellers and arrivals are unpredictable. The system's primary functions are to optimise flows of traffic, increase safety, and reduce congestion at crossings, all of that contribute to increased effectiveness of the network. The failure rate study of the suggested traffic signal management System is established second. In order to investigate the reliability assessment, the extremely well-known matrix-based min-path path tracing method procedure is applied instead of u-function approach. Thirdly, the model's variation is shown using the exponential decay curve. In order to quantify the deterioration intensities or hazard rate of an entire system or component over a period of time, we lastly assess the breakdown intensity index for the proposed system. Finally, the recommended system's cumulative signature has been assessed.
  Keywords: traffic signal management system; min-path based matrix methodology; path tracing method; MTTF; hazard intensity index.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2025.10075000
   
  
• Investigation on mass transfer in the synthesis of MnO₂ in an ultrasound enhanced impinging jet reactor  
  by Zhipeng Xu, Bing-Bing Chen, Luming Chen, Wei Zhang 
  Abstract: This study experimentally investigated the mass transfer process involved in nanoparticle synthesis in an ultrasound-enhanced confined impinging jet reactor. The effects of micro-mixing performance and nucleation rate on the mass transfer rate were investigated in detail. It was found that ultrasound application effectively reduced the average particle size of the nanoparticles and narrow the particle size distribution range. Ultrasonic cavitation effects can markedly increase the nucleation rate of nanoparticles, leading to smaller average particle sizes. The application of ultrasound can effectively reduce the particle size, which finally inhibits the mass transfer at the particle scale. However, it is found that the mass transfer performance over the reactor is enhanced by the ultrasonic cavitation effect increasing nucleation rate and micromixing efficiency.
  Keywords: ultrasound; mass transfer; nanoparticle synthesis; impinging jet reactor.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.10077199