Title: Modern steel production using biomass energy in 21st century: blessing or curse?

Authors: Avash Kumar Saha; Ramesh Kumar; Arup Kumar Mandal

Addresses: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India ' Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India ' Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Abstract: The global shift towards renewable energy has increased biomass utilisation, driven by climate concerns, energy security, and fossil fuel volatility. This review examines biomass's role in decarbonising steel production, a significant CO₂ emitter due to its reliance on carbon-intensive processes. Biomass, including wood pellets, ethanol, and palm oil, offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Research shows that biochar can replace coke in blast furnaces, reducing emissions. However, challenges include ensuring consistent biomass quality, optimising properties, and addressing logistical and economic issues. Economic viability hinges on biomass availability, costs, energy prices, and supportive policies. Investments in biomass supply chains and retrofitting steel plants are essential. This study compiles relevant information to determine if biomass in the iron and steel sectors will be a blessing or a curse in the twenty-first century. Despite challenges, biomass holds promise for sustainable steel production, needing careful management to avoid becoming a curse. [Received: October 16, 2023; Accepted: July 25, 2024]

Keywords: pellets; biomass; industries; sustainable development; fossil fuels.

DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2025.146524

International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2025 Vol.37 No.4, pp.489 - 519

Received: 12 Oct 2023
Accepted: 25 Jul 2024
Published online: 02 Jun 2025 *

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