Title: Development and validation of the online learning experience scale for art majors in Chinese tertiary education

Authors: Puyiqiu Liu; Zheng Huang; Yun Feng Zhang; Xiao Shu Xu

Addresses: Stamford International University, Rama 9 Campus 16, Motorway Road-Km2 Prawet, Bangkok, Thailand ' School of Foreign Studies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China ' Faculty of Languages and Translation, Macao Polytechnic University, R. de Luís Gonzaga Gomes, Macao ' School of Foreign Studies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China; Stamford International University, Rama 9 Campus 16, Motorway Road-Km2 Prawet, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract: This study aimed to develop and validate the online learning experience scale for art students (OLESA) in higher education. A qualitative-quantitative sequential mixed-method design was used for the instrument validation. According to the widely-accepted scale development process, this study followed the steps of item pool generation, expert validation (N = 5), pilot test (N = 100), reliability test, and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 455). The final version of the OLESA comprised four categories, including the learning environment, learning relationships, learning activities, and learning gains. The scale demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. The study revealed that the online learning experience of arts students is satisfactory, although there were unsatisfactory situations. The current study can provide practical implications for art universities or colleges to conduct online teaching better and improve the students' online learning experience and the quality of online courses.

Keywords: online learning; learning experience; online learning experience; art courses; art majors; scale development; tertiary education; learning technology.

DOI: 10.1504/IJLT.2025.145215

International Journal of Learning Technology, 2025 Vol.20 No.1, pp.3 - 23

Received: 30 Apr 2023
Accepted: 28 Oct 2023
Published online: 26 Mar 2025 *

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