Title: Culture is changing, so should businesses: evidence from Türkiye

Authors: Ülkühan Bike Esen

Addresses: Health Sciences Faculty, Department of Health Management, Çankırı Karatekin University, Uluyazı Campus, Çankırı, Türkiye

Abstract: This study examines the cultural transformation of Turkish businesses through the lens of Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Drawing on survey data from 608 participants and analysing it via structural equation modelling, the study reveals substantial shifts: power distance declined from 66 to 49, uncertainty avoidance decreased from 85 to 65, and individualism increased from 37 to 46. Moreover, both long-term orientation and masculinity rose, each reaching a score of 64. These transformations reflect a shift towards more participatory governance and entrepreneurial organisational behaviour. Overall, the findings underline both structural and behavioural reconfigurations within Turkish enterprises, contributing valuable insights to the evolving discourse in cross-cultural management theory and practice.

Keywords: Hofstede; culture; work-related values; power distance; uncertainty avoidance; individualism; long-term orientation; masculinity; tolerance; change; structural equation modelling; Türkiye.

DOI: 10.1504/MEJM.2026.156237

Middle East Journal of Management, 2026 Vol.13 No.5, pp.606 - 625

Received: 27 Feb 2025
Accepted: 28 Jul 2025
Published online: 08 Sep 2026 *

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