Title: The state of metaverse development in Africa: an integrative literature review

Authors: Hamady Dia

Addresses: Walden University, School of Management and Human Potential, 100 S Washington Ave Suite 1210, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA

Abstract: This integrative literature review addresses a critical gap in research concerning Africa's readiness for and engagement with metaverse technologies. Through thematic synthesis of recent academic, institutional, and industry sources, the study identifies emerging trends, strategic enablers, and structural constraints shaping the continent's digital trajectory. The conceptual framework integrates Rogers's (1995) diffusion of innovation theory, Ball's (2022) conceptualisation of the metaverse, and Davis et al. 's (2009) virtual collaboration model to contextualise Africa's evolving digital landscape. While global interest in the metaverse continues to expand, existing literature remains disproportionately centred on North America, Europe, and parts of Asia -leaving African perspectives notably underrepresented. This review contributes to both scholarly and policy discourse by articulating strategic imperatives for equitable metaverse adoption, highlighting infrastructural and governance challenges, and emphasising Africa's potential to co-create a culturally grounded and socially inclusive digital future.

Keywords: metaverse; Africa; innovation; AI; artificial intelligence; AI; immersive technologies; virtual reality; VR; extended reality; XR; digital transformation; blockchain.

DOI: 10.1504/IJEWE.2026.153236

International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, 2026 Vol.10 No.1, pp.59 - 93

Received: 19 Aug 2025
Accepted: 11 Nov 2025
Published online: 29 Apr 2026 *

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