International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology (22 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• Painting India’s hydrogen green  
  by Usha Shukla 
  Abstract: With an increased focus on sustainability and clean energy, the field of green hydrogen provides new opportunities and scope to deal with the current problem of carbon emission. Green hydrogen due to its versatile nature and myriad applications can serve as an alternative to the existing menace of fossil fuels. The present paper aims to provide insights in the realm of green hydrogen and focuses on the initiatives that India has taken to transform itself into a global hub of generation green hydrogen and fulfilling its futuristic demand of green hydrogen. [Received: November 4, 2023; Accepted: March 25, 2024]
  Keywords: green hydrogen; solar energy; fossil fuels; myriad applications; India’s Panchamrit; Green Hydrogen Odyssey; India.
  
  
• A new method for predicting the failure pressure of locally corroded oil and gas pipelines  
  by Ziyan Feng, Mingwei Cui 
  Abstract: The increasing number of aging oil and gas gathering pipelines in China has significantly increased pipeline failure accidents due to local corrosion. However, so far no method was especially geared to calculating the failure pressure of locally corroded pipeline. This paper validated the reliability of nonlinear finite element method to assessing locally corroded pipeline. It has respectively investigated the effects of local corrosion morphology, corrosion radius, and corrosion depth on pipeline axial and hoop stress, failure position and failure pressure. Referring to stress concentration theory, meanwhile, combined with numerical simulation, this paper has established a new method for calculating the failure pressure of locally corroded pipeline, and comparing with B32G (modified), DNV-RP-F101, and recently developed method PCORRC this method has small and even distributed errors, and can meet the demand of predicting the failure pressure of locally corroded pipeline. [Received: March 2, 2023; Accepted: March 25, 2024]
  Keywords: oil and gas pipeline; local corrosion; corrosion morphology; corrosion dimension; nonlinear finite element method; calculation method.
  
  
• Evolutionary algorithms for integrated oil and gas supply chain management considering enhanced oil recovery methods  
  by Raheleh Ardestani, Esmaeil Mehdizadeh, Farhad Etebari 
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to model and solve the problem of integrated oil and gas supply chain management (SCM) considering the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods in upstream and midstream sectors. For this purpose, the problem is modelled as a bi-objective mixed integer nonlinear program and solved by using BARON solver in the GAMS software. The LP-metric method is used to solve the bi-objective problem. In addition, we used three evolutionary algorithms, namely non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII), multi-objective whale optimisation algorithm (MOWOA), and multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm (MOCSA) to solve the problems of large sizes. To investigate the efficiency of the solution method, 15 problems were solved with a wide range of dimensions. Based on the results, small-size problems can be solved in less than 100 seconds to reach a relative gap of 0.01. However, the solution time increases rapidly when the size of the problem increases. The results of the evolutionary algorithms show that these algorithms (especially MOWOA) can solve the large problems in a reasonable time. In addition, MOWOA is superior to other implemented algorithms in terms of multi-objective solution quality measures. [Received: March 3, 2023; Accepted: October 27, 2023]
  Keywords: oil; gas; supply chain management; SCM; enhanced oil recovery; multi-objective; whale optimisation; NSGAII; cuckoo search.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2024.10065288
   
  
• Effects of methanol substitution rate on combustion and emission characteristics of methanol/diesel dual fuel engines  
  by Changchun Xu, Huabing Wen, Haiguo Jing, Jingrui Li, HaengMuk Cho, Daifen Chen 
  Abstract: In order to investigate how methanol affects combustion and emission, this article tries to alter the ratio of substitution of methanol. The methanol replacement rate is set as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% for researching engine combustion performance and exhaust emissions. The results indicate that, under medium and low load circumstances, the maximum burst pressure in the cylinder falls, the ignition delay lengthens, and the general consumption of energy increases as the methanol substitution rate increases. HC and CO emissions exhibited an increase, whereas NOx emissions demonstrated a decrease. Under high load conditions, the maximum explosion pressure initially rose and subsequently declined. Additionally, the total energy consumption displayed an initial decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend. HC and CO emissions experienced a slight increase, while NOx levels remained relatively stable before eventually decreasing. [Received: January 17, 2024; Accepted: April 1, 2024]
  Keywords: methanol substitution ratio; high latent heat of vaporisation; combined injection; performance; exhaust emissions.
  
  
• Analysis of the effect of different pretreatment conditions on pore structure heterogeneity of low-rank coal based on multifractal theory  
  by Lirong Gao, Teng Li, Jiao Peng, Jianzhong Zhang 
  Abstract: In order to select the pretreatment conditions of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment more scientifically, low-temperature gas adsorption experiments of five particle-size subsamples pretreated at seven degassing temperatures were conducted. The results showed that the higher the degassing temperature, the faster the volatile and water separated, and some of pores collapsed. After mechanical crushing, some pores are filled and blocked by mineral particles. Multifractal analysis shows that the pore connectivity hardly improves with increasing degassing temperature, while the heterogeneity of pore distribution is enhanced. With the decrease of particle size, the heterogeneity of pore size distribution decreases, while the connectivity of pores increases. With the increase of degassing temperature or the decrease of particle size, nitrogen adsorption capacity, sample mass, pore volume and pore area all showed a three-stage decline. Ultimately, 120 C and 40-60 mesh are recommended as the best degassing temperature and sample size for low-temperature gas adsorption method. [Received: 24 February 2023; Accepted: 14 April 2024]
  Keywords: pretreatment temperature; particle size effect; pore structure; multifractal analysis; low rank coal.
  
  
• Research on reservoir quality characterisation methods for tight sandstone reservoirs - a case study of the Southern Ordos Basin  
  by Min Zou, Dongling Xia, Dongdong Xia, Linlin Wang 
  Abstract: A integrating innovation method, carrying three steps, was proposed to characterise reservoir quality distribution and select sweet spots in tight sandstone reservoir. Firstly, at the microscale, starting from the characteristics of micro-pore throats, the fundamental differences in reservoir quality due to variations in micro-pore structure are examined, establishing the relationship between different pore-throat combinations and reservoir quality. Secondly, at the mid-scale, based on the characteristics of reservoir structure at the single well level, three reservoir structure styles are proposed, and the degrees of diagenetic modification was inspected with each structure, clarifying the distribution characteristics of high-quality reservoirs within different reservoir structure. Finally, at the macroscale, starting from sedimentary differences, the impacts of differences in sedimentary scale and sedimentary clastic composition on reservoir structure types and diagenetic types are identified, thereby controlling the spatial distribution of reservoir quality. Based on these steps, a comprehensive reservoir quality characterisation method, constrained by both sedimentation and diagenesis, is developed. [Received: 19 January 2024; Accepted: 15 March 2024]
  Keywords: characterisation methods; reservoir quality; tight sandstone; Ordos Basin.
  
  
• Biodiesel production from third-generation feedstock: process parameter modelling and optimisation using RSM-ANN approach  
  by Aqeel Ahmad, Ashok Kumar Yadav, Shifa Hasan 
  Abstract: This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a central composite design (CCD) approach to ascertain the optimal conditions for biodiesel production from Neochloris oleoabundans microalgae oil. Four key process variables, including the methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and temperature, were investigated across five levels to develop an L30 orthogonal array for experimentation. An artificial neural network (ANN)-based prediction model was developed using the experimentally obtained data, yielding high accuracy with mean square error (MSE) values of 0.019, 2.4327, and 0.8269 and coefficient of determination (R2 ) values of 0.9996, 0.9796, and 0.9890 for training, validation, and testing sets, respectively, indicating robust predictive capability. The optimisation analysis reveals a biodiesel yield of 94.94% under optimised conditions: 6.92:1 molar ratio, 1.22% catalyst concentration, 64.36 min reaction time, and 56.46 C temperature. Experimental validation confirmed the reliability of the optimisation results, demonstrating a marginal error of 2%. [Received: November 25, 2022; Accepted: April 30, 2024]
  Keywords: biodiesel production; Neochloris oleoabundans; response surface methodology; RSM; artificial neural network; ANN; sustainable fuel; central composite design; CCD; mean square error; MSE.
  
  
• Experimental study on prediction of gas pressure variation during coal and gas outburst  
  by Erhui Zhang, Xukai Dong, Baokun Zhou, Lei Yang 
  Abstract: To accurately predict the variation of gas pressure during the coal and gas outburst experiment, a gas pressure prediction model was established based on Keras and long short-term memory (LSTM). Meanwhile, the ARMA and ARIMA models were selected for comparative analysis. The findings reveal that the ARMA model exhibits the shortest prediction time, but its RMSE and MAE values are the largest, suggesting that the ARMA model yields the poorest predictive performance. The LSTM model achieved the lowest RMSE, and its MAE closely approached that of ARIMA, but the ARIMA model could only predict the gas pressure in the short term. Therefore, it can be employed as the prediction model for gas pressure in coal and gas outburst experiments. The research findings offer significant auxiliary support for predicting the change of gas pressure during coal and gas outbursts, thereby facilitating further prediction and prevention of such occurrences. [Received: October 9, 2023; Accepted: February 27, 2024]
  Keywords: coal and gas outburst; gas pressure prediction; LSTM neural network; multistep prediction.
  
  
• Application of pigging track approach in gas-exhausting for gas-liquid two-phase flow in undulating pipelines  
  by Sihang Chen, Gong Jing, Yang Qi 
  Abstract: During the gas-liquid replacement process of the oil undulating pipeline, there are liquid single-phase parts, gas single-phase parts and liquid gas two phase parts appearing alternately, which pose challenges to the pig tracking and gas-exhaust simulation. In this paper, a novel approach to exhaust the gas from the pipe applying the pigging tech is proposed, and the complicated motion of pig in the undulating pipeline is described by the self adapting momentum equations based on the hydraulic analysis during operation process. The analysis focus on the changeable pressure and force condition happen to the pig with its moving along the pipeline, and switch the describe-equation to the pigs automatically. The model validation by the field data of a real pipeline in China shows that the relative deviation of pig real time speed is within 0.5%, and the relative deviation of pig position is within 2.2%. [Received: October 11, 2023; Accepted: March 7, 2024]
  Keywords: pigging process; undulating pipelines; gas-liquid two-phase flow; pig-tracking; gas exhausting.
  
  
• Designing an environmentally-friendly nano-chemical dispersant/inhibitor for asphaltene in Iraqi oil-field crudes  
  by Dana Mohammad, Hiwa Sidiq 
  Abstract: Asphaltenes, a diverse family of molecules, pose significant challenges in the oil and gas industry. The use of nano inhibitors has emerged as an effective method for controlling asphaltene deposition, offering several advantages over traditional inhibitors. The presence of asphaltene can lead to flow assurance issues throughout the crude oil production life cycle. This research paper introduces the synthesis of a novel environmentally friendly nano chemical inhibitor as a potential solution to address these challenges. Promising results have been observed with the use of green-zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and green copper oxide NPs. The findings indicate that employing ZnO and CuO NPs can significantly enhance asphaltene dispersion in crude oil by approximately 23% compared to commercially available inhibitors using ADT. The study will further evaluate and compare two synthesised nanofluids with a commercial chemical. [Received: 19 July 2022; Accepted: 13 February 2024]
  Keywords: asphaltene; asphaltene dispersant test; ADT; nano-particle; inhibitors.
  
  
• A study on the transient permeability behaviour of coal core under confinement  
  by Arpita Roy, Santanu Bhowmik, Pratik Dutta 
  Abstract: A high-volatile bituminous coal core was maintained at 40 C, for flooding separately with helium, methane, and carbon dioxide in steps, up to 6 MPa and under various confining pressures (8.2 MPa, 9.2 MPa, and 10.2 MPa). Time-variations and correlation among the flow parameters were analysed during the non-steady state flow. Changes in the effective stress and the specific pore volume were significant at higher confining pressure but less/negligible at lower confinement pressure. Permeability varied inversely with gas pressure within a pressure step but as pore pressure was decreased, the permeability was found to decrease. Permeability also varied with the volumetric flow rate, whereas negative trends were observed with effective stress and cleat compressibility. Effective stress dominated the gas permeability significantly and directly, but indirectly affected specific pore volume and cleat compressibility. In general, helium and CO2 permeability were observed to be the lowest and highest among the gases, respectively. Helium, methane, and CO2 permeability in coal are tested at different effective stresses. Changes in permeability and important parameters with time are investigated. [Received: September 19, 2023; Accepted: February 29, 2024]
  Keywords: pore pressure; confining pressure; effective stress; gas permeability; cleat compressibility; Indian coal.
  
  
• Investigating a machine learning algorithms applicability for simulating the apparent viscosity of waxy crude oil in a pipeline  
  by Andaç Batur Çolak 
  Abstract: Accurately estimating the formation of viscosity is a vital aspect of pipeline functioning. A study was undertaken here to investigate the precision of utilising a machine learning system for predicting the viscosity of waxy oil in a pipeline environment. A neural network model was developed to ascertain the viscosity of waxy crude oil based on a collection of eight independent parameters. The network model, derived from 30 experimental data points, consists of a hidden layer including 14 neurons. An accuracy analysis was conducted by comparing the predicted viscosity of the network model to the experimental viscosity. The model was built via the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. The accuracy of the artificial neural networks predictions was assessed by calculating the mean squared error value of 2.75 x 10-3 and the correlation coefficient of 0.99850. The models anticipated viscosity values had an average deviation of 0.5%. The experiment yielded conclusive evidence that the specifically engineered artificial neural network successfully forecasted the viscosity of waxy crude oil within the pipeline with great precision. [Received: November 15, 2023; Accepted: May 9, 2024]
  Keywords: crude oil; pipeline; wax; viscosity; machine learning.
  
  
• Experimental investigation of rotating self-propelled cavitation jet for efficient mineral scale removal in oil field tubes  
  by Jiaxiang Wang, Zunce Wang, Yan Xu, Jinglong Zhang, Sen Li, Guangjian Zhang, Mingming Ge 
  Abstract: Recognising the advantages of the cavitation jet, we propose the utilisation of a rotating self-propelled cavitation jet for tube cleaning. In this study, we conducted a performance experiment involving an organ pipe cavitation nozzle and subsequently carried out tube cleaning experiments using the cavitation nozzle. These experiments explored varying standoff distances and injection angles to determine the most suitable parameters for effective cleaning. Furthermore, we designed the structure of the rotating self-propelled cavitation nozzle and involved tube-scale cleaning experiments to ascertain the impact of pressure and feed speed on the mineral scale cleaning rate achieved by the rotating self-propelled cavitation nozzle. To validate the cleaning performance of the rotating self-propelled nozzle in real-world well-site conditions, we conducted additional cleaning experiments on-site. The findings of this study offer crucial technical support for the efficient and cost-effective cleaning of mineral scale deposits within tubes. [Received: 11 February 2024; Accepted: 29 March 2024]
  Keywords: cavitation jet; tube cleaning; rotating; self-propelled; mineral scale; standoff distance; injection angle.
  
  
• Evaluation of the concentration and health risk of heavy metals and aromatic compounds in the deposits of the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf, Southwest Iran  
  by Bahman Kiani Shahvandi, Ali Moghimi Kandelous, Mozhgan Salavati, Saeid Hakimi Asiabar 
  Abstract: This investigation held on the heavy metals and aromatic compounds contaminations in the coastal strip of Bushehr port of southern Iran. The results of analysis of 27 onshore surface sediment samples, displayed the contaminations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead metals. The results of the health risk assessment, showed that the coastal strip in the docks and ports has a medium health risk. The most and least volume of aromatic contaminations concentrated in the distal and the proximal strip of the beach respectively. The total carcinogenic risk for adults is high, and for children it is in the safe range, and the highest risk of cancer is through ingestion and skin. The origin of aromatic compounds and heavy metals is the combustion of sea, land transportation, urban and domestic sewage, and offshore currents carrying petroleum compounds originating from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf. [Received: October 13, 2023; Accepted: April 1, 2024]
  Keywords: heavy metals; aromatic compounds; coastal strip; Persian Gulf; Bushehr Port; Iran.
  
  
• Pore characteristics and its impact factors of shale from the Upper Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Southern Shaanxi area, China  
  by Yuanzhe Peng, Xiaowei Ma, Junfeng Zhang, Jinyan Xie, Xiaona Zhang, Zhao Yan, Junlin Chen 
  Abstract: The pore network in shale could influence the proportion of adsorbed gases and total gas content and thus is significantly important for the exploration and development of shale gas. The Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation shale has been proved that have impressive shale gas exploration prospect. Ten Niutitang Formation shale samples were collected from the Micangshan-Hannan Uplift of the Southern Shaanxi area. The TOC is between 0.68% to 2.51%, averaging at 1.54%, and the mineral compositions are dominated by quartz, feldspar, and clay. The pore types comprise intergranular pore, inter-crystalline pore in clay matrix and pyrite aggregates, and organic pore. Quantitative pore structure investigation and impact factors were conducted. The pore area and pore volume are mainly contributed by macropores and mesopores, respectively. TOC, quartz and carbonate contents can jointly influence the pore space. The development of micropore in shale samples is closely related to organic matter, and which is associate with the content of quartz. [Received: November 30, 2023; Accepted: March 30, 2024]
  Keywords: pore structure; upper Cambrian Niutitang formation; Southern Shaanxi area; influencing factor.
  
  
• Simulation and analysis of natural ice-making based on gravity heat pipes  
  by Xiaohong Gui, Shengwei Wang, Junhui Huang, Ziqiang Zhu, Chengyang Zhao 
  Abstract: The emerging natural ice-making technology has garnered significant attention due to its potential to utilise natural cold sources for reducing mine temperatures. This paper suggests employing gravity-based heat pipe cooling technology and employs FLUENT to simulate the heat transfer process in heat pipes and the natural ice-making phenomenon. Research findings reveal that the devised single-tube ice-making model operates without extra energy consumption and effectively produces ice by relying solely on the temperature variance between the water and its surrounding environment. At three varying temperatures (262.15 K, 266.15 K, 270.15 K), the rate and thickness of ice formation increase inversely proportional to the temperature decline, indicating a negative correlation. Moreover, with higher inlet wind speeds (4 m/s, 7 m/s, 10 m/s), the rate and thickness of ice formation increase, showcasing a positive correlation. Finally, the heat pipe structure equipped with fins in the condensation section can partially expedite the ice formation rate and augment the ice thickness. These research findings are of substantial significance in mitigating high-temperature heat hazards in mining environments. [Received: June 2, 2023; Accepted: December 12, 2023]
  Keywords: mine heat damage; ice production; gravity heat pipe; numerical simulation; natural cold source.
  
  
• Development of coal quality exploration technique based on convolutional neural network and hyperspectral imaging  
  by Swati Hira, Manoj B. Chandak, Devendra Kumar Sakhre, Lalit Kumar Sahoo 
  Abstract: Coal is Indias prime energy source, contributing about 60% of total electricity production. Coal India, a major coal-producing public sector unit, has produced record 703.2 million tons of coal during the year 20222023. Therefore, this paper proposes an idea of instant prediction of coal quality parameters using hyperspectral imaging and deep neural network. We have collected coal samples from 35 different coal mines of all areas of Western Coalfields Ltd (WCL), and 257 different types of samples have been generated. All 257 coal samples were imaged using camera PIKA NIR 320. The RegNet model was applied to predict coal quality based on moisture, ash, volatile matter, gross calorific value, fixed carbon, and sulphur. The results were validated through chemical analysis results received from the lab. The proposed approach achieved good prediction accuracy, nearly 96% for coal quality parameters. Moisture showed the highest accuracy, 96.09% in quality prediction. [Received: October 25, 2023; Accepted: April 14, 2024]
  Keywords: coal quality parameters; hyperspectral imaging; HSI; deep learning; spectral data; spatial data; PIKA NIR-320.
  
  
• Thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage coupling mechanism and failure behaviour of caprock in SAGD operations  
  by Haijing Wang, Chao Zhang, Bo Zhou, Shifeng Xue, Peng Jia, Xiuxing Zhu 
  Abstract: A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage model considering anisotropic stiffness degradation of rock after shear damage is developed for the first time, and the coupling mechanism and failure behaviour of caprock in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operations are systematically investigated using analytical and numerical approaches. New insights into the failure characteristics of caprock were obtained. The damage of caprock is mostly induced by shear and initiates near the interface directly opposite the well pair in the earliest stage of SAGD production and propagates rapidly to form a main crack. The vertical and zigzag main crack may penetrate the caprock, while the secondary cracks on both sides are mostly inclined and straight that they cannot penetrate the caprock. Failure modes of caprock are observed including penetrating crack, non-penetrating crack and interface damage. This study will be helpful in accurately evaluating the caprock integrity and efficiently breaking interbedded shale or mudstone layers in thermal recovery reservoirs. [Received: June 2, 2023; Accepted: February 13, 2024]
  Keywords: thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage; THMD; analytical analysis; numerical simulation; caprock failure; steam assisted gravity drainage; SAGD.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2024.10064675
   
  
• Fatigue failure analysis based on coupling vibration of drill string in ultra-deep wells  
  by Guojie Cui, Hongshan Zhao, Runfeng Cai, Donghong Guo, Sheng Zhong, Wenchang Wang 
  Abstract: Fatigue failure of drill string occurs frequently in deep wells. However, the commonly used fatigue ratio is difficult to evaluate drill string fatigue safety accurately. In this paper, considering the characteristics of super slenderness ratio of drill string and collision with the wellbore wall, the coupling vibration of drill string is studied, and the vortex characteristics and dynamic stress of the drill string are calculated more accurately. On this basis, combined with the calculation method of fatigue coefficient under asymmetric variable stress amplitude, the strength criterion of fatigue failure of drill string under dynamic condition is established. The results show that this method can better understand the working state of the drill string in the wellbore and predict the risk position of fatigue failure of whole drill string more accurately in vertical wells. [Received: March 28, 2023; Accepted: February 13, 2024]
  Keywords: drill string; coupled vibration; dynamic stress; fatigue failure.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2024.10064676
   
  
• Screening and performance evaluation of epoxy resin long-term sustained-release solid tracer  
  by Mingqiang Wei, Yuhong Wang, Yonggang Duan, Yan Li, Yihe Du 
  Abstract: This study selects suitable epoxy resin as a sustained-release material. The sustained-release carrier was mixed with different water-soluble tracers to create a solid sustained-release tracer. The material's microstructure, compression performance, and thermal stability were characterised and analysed. Considering the stability and mechanical properties of the prepared solid spline, the single-factor experiment and a dynamic scouring test were carried out using epoxy resin B and a sodium bromide tracer. The single-factor experiment showed that tracer release increased with temperature and dosage and decreased with mineralisation. The highest release of sodium bromide tracer occurred at pH 7. The flow rate experiment indicated a positive correlation between the flow rate and the cumulative release rate of the tracer. The first-order kinetic equation is a dependable approach for elucidating the release phenomenon of the sustained-release solid tracer. The tracers provide a new way to synthesise long-term sustained-release solid tracers. [Received: January 4, 2024; Accepted: March 4, 2024]
  Keywords: epoxy resin; sustained-release material; sustained-release tracer; single-factor experiment; the first-order kinetic equation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2024.10064677
   
  
• Influence mechanism of mining speed on energy release in a mine roof and elastic coal system  
  by Longfei Feng, Quan Zhang, Guangjian Liu 
  Abstract: Deep, high-stress, high-strength mining conditions will make the energy release from the mining fields more intensive. The influence mechanism of mining speed on energy release in the mining area was studied using elastic mechanics theory, numerical simulation, and on-site measurement methods. When the average mining speed increases from 3.68 m/d to 5.6 m/d, the cyclic weighting step distance increases from 29.5 m to 38.85 m, indicating that the faster the mining speed, the larger the periodic fracture size of the inferior key strata, and the more energy the bending and sinking static load and dynamic load input into the coal body, the easier to induce rock burst. Based on the curve of mining speed and high-energy mining earthquakes frequency, the critical safe mining speed of Hujiahe Coal Mine is determined to be 4.8 m/d. These conclusions can provide a basis for the mining intensity optimisation in rockburst mines. [Received: May 17, 2023; Accepted: February 27, 2024]
  Keywords: mining speed; static load potential energy; bending elastic energy; rock burst; mining intensity optimisation.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2024.10064678
   
  
• A comprehensive review: role of fuel injection methodologies on performance enhancement and mitigation of emissions in the diesel engine  
  by Krishnamani Selvaraj 
  Abstract: The compression ignition engines are extremely significant in the field of energy, transport, and agriculture owing to their reliability and efficiency. The engines, on the other hand, are a major source of greenhouse gases and toxic emissions. According to global emission guidelines for sustaining a healthy environment, the measures needed to decrease pollution are of utmost important. Recent developments in diesel engines, notably in the fuel injection system, have made it possible to achieve the required levels of controlled emissions. Adopting the right fuel injection techniques, which significantly improve combustion quality, has resulted in a potential improvement in engine performance with regulated emissions in diesel engines. Delivering the fuel with higher 'fuel injection pressure' into the combustion chamber could reduce the carbon monoxide and particulate emissions with minimum 'specific fuel consumption' but the approach is not effective in controlling oxides of nitrogen emissions. On the other hand, the other fuel injection techniques like pilot injection and 'split injection' with optimised 'injection timing' help in reducing NO_X emission from the engines with better power output. This review article focuses on a detailed study of various fuel injection techniques along with advantages for improving engine performance and reducing exhaust emissions. [Received: August 18, 2023; Accepted: November 17, 2023]
  Keywords: compression ignition engine; fuel injection pressure; FIP; electronic fuel injection; EFI; brake thermal efficiency; brake specific energy consumption; split/multiple injection; fuel injection timing; FIT.
  DOI: 10.1504/IJOGCT.2024.10064379