Title: Environmental policies for agriculture in Europe

Authors: Takashi Toyoda, Shunsuke Managi

Addresses: International Environmental and Agricultural Science Integrated Department, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183 8509, Japan. ' Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184 8588, Japan

Abstract: This study analyses the environmental policies in Europe and particularly in The Netherlands. Comprehensive analysis of their policy package, which includes environmental taxes, tax exemptions, and the voluntary environmental agreement are provided. Each method does seem to show significant effects to reduce the environmental bads. This paper also presents an economic analysis of the glasshouse horticulture industry in The Netherlands, focusing on direct and dynamic effects, where direct effect refers to strengthening the cost competitiveness of the industry and dynamic effect refers to the incentives on technological innovations.

Keywords: EU environmental taxes; Dutch glasshouse horticulture; covenants; renewable energy; European Union; environmental policy; The Netherlands; tax exemptions; voluntary environmental agreement; technological innovation; incentives; cost competitiveness; agricultural development policies; globalisation.

DOI: 10.1504/IJARGE.2004.006035

International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 2004 Vol.3 No.3/4, pp.175 - 192

Published online: 23 Jan 2005 *

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