Title: Too big and too interconnected to fail: historical and ethical analysis of sustainability risk to the US financial system

Authors: Michael A. Santoro; Ronald J. Strauss

Addresses: Rutgers Business School, 1 Janice H Levin Building, 94 Rockafeller Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8054, USA. ' School of Business, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave. (PA #322c), Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA

Abstract: The financial crisis which manifested in the USA in 2008, revealed the extent to which the largest and most interconnected financial institutions in the USA had become 'too big to fail', i.e., so systematically and significantly interwoven with each other and the entire US and global financial and economic system that their very survival was seen as essential to the sustainability of the entire financial system and to public welfare. We argue that it is essential to understand the financial crisis that began in 2008 from a historical and ethical perspective. We conclude that, in light of individual and collective moral hazards, the overall governance framework that protects the sustainability of the financial system should explicitly adopt as a moral imperative the principle that any financial institution should be able to fail without such failure threatening the entire financial system.

Keywords: financial crisis; too big to fail; systemic risk; sustainability; USA; United States; financial institutions; historical perspective; ethical perspective; moral hazard; sustainable development; governance framework; bank failure; institutional failure.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSE.2012.049608

International Journal of Sustainable Economy, 2012 Vol.4 No.4, pp.356 - 369

Published online: 21 Nov 2014 *

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