Title: Determinants of climate-smart agricultural practices: evidence from a multivariate probit analysis in rural Kenya

Authors: Wilfrey Vuhya Siahi; Vincent Ngeno; Philip Mulama Nyangweso

Addresses: Moi University, P.O. Box 216 – 50305 Serem, Kenya ' Moi University, P.O. Box 3900 – 30100 Eldoret, Kenya ' Moi University, P.O. Box 3900 – 30100 Eldoret, Kenya

Abstract: This study investigates the determinants of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) among smallholder farmers in rural Kenya using a multivariate probit (MVP) model. It explores the joint decision-making process for adopting three CSAPs; intercropping, minimum tillage and agroforestry, using two-wave panel data collected in 2013 and 2015 from Eastern and Western Kenya. Age, household income, savings, access to extension services, and group membership show a strong and positive relationship with CSAP adoption. Conversely, larger farm sizes and access to piped water negatively affected adoption. They suggest that it is important to integrate policy frameworks with targeted interventions which incorporate farmer characteristics with complementary CSAP practices.

Keywords: climate-smart agriculture; CSA; multivariate probit model; agroforestry; intercropping; minimum tillage; Kenya.

DOI: 10.1504/AJESD.2026.154642

African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 2026 Vol.11 No.1, pp.80 - 90

Received: 06 Aug 2025
Accepted: 15 Dec 2025
Published online: 08 Jul 2026 *

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