Title: Effect of emotional expressions on facial landmark-based face recognition

Authors: Utchchhwas Singha; Kamruj Jaman Sheam; Siam Al Mujadded; Ashikur Rahman

Addresses: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh ' Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh ' Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh ' Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh

Abstract: Humans can exhibit diverse emotional facial expressions, including happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, and fear. Distinct and distinctive traits characterise these emotional expressions. Integrating emotion-specific features into landmark-based face recognition systems by developing features based on emotional expressions can significantly enhance face recognition capability. Such landmark-based systems are essential for face recognition tasks in resource-constrained environments. By combining these emotion-specific features with the traditional features based on neutral faces, we can develop more accurate and robust face recognition systems that can better adapt to the dynamic nature of human emotional expressions, promising a new level of efficacy in face recognition.

Keywords: facial landmarks; facial expression recognition; face recognition; machine learning; feature set; feature engineering; CK+; AffectNet; emotional facial expressions; emotions.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAPR.2026.152571

International Journal of Applied Pattern Recognition, 2026 Vol.8 No.2, pp.23 - 51

Received: 26 Jul 2024
Accepted: 25 Jul 2025
Published online: 27 Mar 2026 *

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