Title: MIMO-cooperative-spectrum sensing with trust and reputation method in CRN on blockchain using Adam-gradient descent Archimedes algorithm

Authors: Sandip Babanrao Shrote; Sadhana D. Poshattiwar

Addresses: Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India ' Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India

Abstract: Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have emerged as a promising solution to address spectrum scarcity. A fundamental component of CRNs is spectrum sensing (SS), as it identifies spectrum holes accurately and reliably. However, efficient and accurate SS remains a major challenge. Here, Adam-gradient descent Archimedes algorithm (Adam-GDAA) is designed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-CSS in CRN. Firstly, the MIMO-CSS system model is simulated. Thereafter, SS is conducted based upon the Renyi-entropy weighted Adam-GD algorithm. However, weight determination is done by employing the Adam-GD algorithm. Thereafter, output 1 is obtained, and then, the data is recorded in BC. After that, trust and reputation-based SS is accomplished, and therefore, output-2 is obtained. Lastly, both outputs are merged, and weights are generated utilising Adam-GDAA. The Adam-GDAA obtained a computation time of 0.829 sec, sensing time of 222.110 sec, and probability of false alarm of 0.330, and probability of detection of 0.913.

Keywords: cognitive radio network; CRN; spectrum sensing; SS; multiple-input and multiple-output; MIMO; blockchain; BC; trust and reputation.

DOI: 10.1504/IJICS.2026.151305

International Journal of Information and Computer Security, 2026 Vol.29 No.2, pp.135 - 175

Received: 30 Dec 2024
Accepted: 27 Aug 2025
Published online: 22 Jan 2026 *

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