Title: Development of hybrid coyote-salp swarm optimisation for optimal routing in cognitive radio ad-hoc network

Authors: B. Rajendra Prasad Babu; R. Rajeswara Rao

Addresses: Computer Science and Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, 533003, India ' Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, JNTUK, 535003, India

Abstract: This work is planned to design and develop a novel hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm with hybrid coyote salp swarm optimisation (HCSSO) for the routing of cognitive radio ad hoc network (CRAHN). The initial process of the proposed protocol is the selection of the source node and the destination node. Once these are selected, the proposed HCSSO is used for optimal routing of CRAHN by solving a multi-objective function. The constraints selected for deriving the multi-objective function are the distance between nodes, quality of service (QoS), energy consumption, packet loss ratio, power consumption, signal to interference, and noise ratio (SINR), and expected transmission time (ETT). Finally, the results expose that the designed algorithm outperforms better over conventional models.

Keywords: optimal routing in cognitive radio ad-hoc network; HCSSO; hybrid coyote salp swarm optimisation; multi-objective function-based optimal routing; ETT; expected transmission time; signal to interference and noise ratio; energy consumption.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAACS.2025.150821

International Journal of Autonomous and Adaptive Communications Systems, 2025 Vol.18 No.6, pp.580 - 607

Received: 27 Jan 2022
Accepted: 09 Nov 2022
Published online: 23 Dec 2025 *

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