Title: Coerced invisibilities: financial literacy and inclusion for transgender in India

Authors: Vijaya Batth; Purnima Anjali Mohanty; Nitesh Bhatia

Addresses: School of Commerce, XIM University, Bhubaneswar, India ' School of Communications, XIM University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha ' Department of Business Administration, School of Management Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India

Abstract: The current paper examines the quality of life of transgender (also known as Kinnars) in Odisha, India with focus on their overall inclusivity in the mainstream exploring upon their current financial status, access to health and over all social identity. The study includes a systematic review of 157 research journals articles considering PRISMA guidelines and analysis on data collected from 60 Kinnars residing in Odisa based on a questionnaire by WHOQOL 1996, post content validity using 6 experts and 59 questions. A series of interviews were also conducted, adopting an exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling approach. The results clearly demonstrated the significance of mainstreaming and ensuring financial inclusivity for Kinnars. Results also highlighted legislative and governmental policies aiming to change the social stigma for better accessibility to financial services through banks and micro-finance as a mechanism, majorly to support sex change operations, can bring in a much-needed paradigm shift.

Keywords: quality of life; transgender; financial inclusion; sex change operation; Kinnar; legislative; Odisha; India.

DOI: 10.1504/IJHRCS.2026.150555

International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies, 2026 Vol.13 No.1, pp.1 - 19

Received: 29 Sep 2023
Accepted: 23 Nov 2023
Published online: 17 Dec 2025 *

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