Title: Exploring startup intention for Jordanian entrepreneurs: empirical study using GEM and APS data

Authors: Ayman Sadik Al Najjar; Mahmoud Salameh Qandeel

Addresses: Doctoral School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary ' Doctoral School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

Abstract: This study aims to investigate Jordanian entrepreneurs' startup intentions based on data collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Adult Population Survey (APS) for 2019. The research uses logistic regression to assess the influence of individuals' cognitive perceptions and demographic factors (age, gender, and education) on startup intentions. The cognitive perceptions include perception of opportunity, self-efficacy, fear of failure, and ease of starting a business. Findings suggest that 29% of individuals anticipate launching their startup firm within three years, with an average entrepreneur age of 39 years. Self-efficacy and perception of opportunities positively influence the intention. Fear of failure negatively influences this tendency, and ease of starting a business was not significant. The results indicate that males are more eager to start their new business in the next three years than females. The study provides policymakers with considerable information, clarified in the conclusion, to develop national entrepreneurial indicators.

Keywords: Jordan; startup intention; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; GEM; APS 2019 survey.

DOI: 10.1504/IJTTC.2025.149736

International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, 2025 Vol.21 No.4, pp.345 - 361

Received: 07 Nov 2024
Accepted: 08 Apr 2025
Published online: 11 Nov 2025 *

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