Title: Enhancing digital content integrity in social networks: a systematic review of semi-fragile watermarking techniques for crisis management and risk mitigation

Authors: Bijay Kumar Paikaray; Satyajit Pattnaik; Varadarajan Sowmya Damodharan; Jayanta Mondal; Priya Lakshmi Narasimhan; Tiruveeduula Gopikirishna

Addresses: Centre for Data Science, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India ' Cyber Security and Cyber Defence, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha, India ' Department Chair Business, Abu Dhabi Vocational Education and Training Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE ' School of Computer Engineering, KIIT (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India ' 3FOLD TRAINING, Training Department, Dubai Silicon Oasis, Dubai, United Arab Emirates ' Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

Abstract: Digital watermarking is one of the advancing technologies that have played a vital role in data integrity. With diverse applications in mind, researchers and developers have explored and crafted various watermarking methods for embedding data into digital multimedia content. This research delves into the cutting-edge world of semi-fragile watermarking techniques, reshaping how end users safeguard and verify the integrity of digital content on the edge of social networks. To grasp the direction, various approaches have been thoroughly examined and implemented to aid the researcher in understanding. Understanding the latest techniques for hardware requirements, dataset utilisation, and performance metrics is essential. Hence, the main aim of this research paper is to carry out a methodical literature review that evaluates research deficiencies, current developments, and obstacles, and tackles research inquiries, offering insightful perspectives for future studies. Ultimately, this systematic review could serve as a foundation for prospective researchers.

Keywords: semi-fragile; digital watermarking; media forensics; content tracking; discrete wavelet transform; DWT; discrete cosine transform; DCT.

DOI: 10.1504/IJBCRM.2025.148355

International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 2025 Vol.15 No.3, pp.203 - 219

Received: 28 Sep 2024
Accepted: 17 Feb 2025
Published online: 02 Sep 2025 *

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