Title: SBER: stable and balanced energy routing protocol to enhance the stability and energy for WBANs

Authors: Sara Raed; Salah Abdulghani Alabady

Addresses: Computer and Information Engineering Department, Electronics Engineering College, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq; Computer Engineering Department, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq ' Computer and Information Engineering Department, Electronics Engineering College, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq; Computer Engineering Department, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Abstract: Reliable stability and reduced energy consumption are essential design requirements of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) routing protocols. For instance, many energy-efficient routing protocol solutions have been suggested for WBANs; however, the significant feature of stability in these existing solutions has not been effectively addressed. In this paper, we propose a Stable and Balanced Energy Routing (SBER) protocol to improve the stability period and manage the limited power of the WBAN network efficiently. SBER consists of two solutions, namely, the next-hop node selection and adding awareness to the transmission of control packets techniques. For analysis of the performance of the SBER protocol, MATLAB has been used. The average improvements rate of the SBER in terms of network residual energy over ERRS, M-ATTEMPT, and SIMPL protocols are 35%, 52% and 100%, respectively, which proves SBER to be a more efficient and reliable approach for WBANs.

Keywords: WBANs; stability period; routing protocol; SBER; ERRS; M-ATTEMPT; SIMPL.

DOI: 10.1504/IJWMC.2025.148065

International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing, 2025 Vol.29 No.2, pp.150 - 162

Received: 30 Jul 2022
Received in revised form: 25 Dec 2022
Accepted: 12 Jan 2023
Published online: 25 Aug 2025 *

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