Title: Generic model for evaluation of vertical flight efficiency in climb and descent phases: a case study review

Authors: Matej Soldo Jocić; Zvonimir Rezo; Tomislav Mihetec; Sanja Steiner

Addresses: Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, Vukelićeva 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ' Institute of Transport and Communications, Kušlanova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia ' Croatia Control Ltd., Rudolfa Fizira 2, 10410 Velika Gorica, Croatia ' Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, Vukelićeva 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract: Vertical flight efficiency (VFE) is essential for evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of the air traffic management (ATM) system. Inefficiencies in vertical flight operations cause monetary detriments to airspace users and negative environmental effects. Implementing continuous descent and climb operations during arrivals and departures is recommended to mitigate these issues. This research paper introduces a model to quantify flight efficiency impacts during climb and descent phases. It provides empirical data demonstrating the economic and environmental consequences of inefficiencies. The paper outlines the research context, conceptual frameworks, and methodologies used, supported by a real-world case study. The developed model enables the development of strategies to improve flight efficiency. The findings contribute to the sustainable development of the ATM system, highlighting the importance of enhancing VFE from both an economic and environmental viewpoint.

Keywords: air traffic management; ATM; vertical flight efficiency; VFE; continuous climb operations; CCOs; continuous descent operations; CDOs.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSA.2025.146644

International Journal of Sustainable Aviation, 2025 Vol.11 No.2, pp.166 - 183

Received: 14 Jun 2024
Accepted: 01 Jan 2025
Published online: 10 Jun 2025 *

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