Title: Qualitative determinants of employment in innovative firms: effect of ownership, gender and education level of top manager and types of innovation on employment in a sample of Egyptian firms

Authors: Abdelhammid Bourouaha; Azkak Tarik; Sara Bouredja

Addresses: Faculty of Economics, Business and Managements Sciences, University of Bejaia, Algeria ' Faculty of Economics, Business and Managements Sciences, University of Bejaia, Algeria ' Faculty of Economics, Business and Managements Sciences, University of Bejaia, Algeria

Abstract: The study identifies the qualitative employment determinants in Egyptian innovative firms. Different studies found that some innovative firms have a positive effect on employment. However, other firms in other types of innovation have a negative effect on employment. The article uses BEEPS data drawn from the World Bank in the period 2012-2016. The results of ANCOVA analysis show statistically that firm age has a significant positive effect just on permanent employment. However, there do not have a significant effect on the other types of employment. Also, the top manager's experience has a positive significant effect on all types of employment. Compared with the service sector, manufacturing firms have a significant positive effect on all types of employment. For the top manager gender, male top managers have a positive significant effect on all of permanent, production and skilled employment. Owning an innovative firm has a significant negative effect on employment.

Keywords: innovation; qualitative determinants; employment types; top manager; firm ownership; Egypt; analysis of covariance; ANCOVA; Egyptian firm.

DOI: 10.1504/IJBIR.2025.145597

International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 2025 Vol.36 No.4, pp.495 - 518

Received: 17 Jan 2022
Accepted: 14 Feb 2022
Published online: 09 Apr 2025 *

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