Title: Load-balanced multilayered clustering protocol to maximise the lifetime of wireless sensor networks

Authors: Rohan Kumar Gupta; Arnab Nandi

Addresses: Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Cachar, Assam – 788010, India ' Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Cachar, Assam – 788010, India

Abstract: This paper introduces an innovative clustering protocol for load balancing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the proposed protocol, square shape clusters of equal area are arranged in a multilayer fashion, and the base station is at the centre of the network. The equal area of square clusters offers a nearly equal number of member nodes in each cluster that leads to comparable energy consumption at cluster heads for transmitting and receiving data from member nodes. This paper also introduces a new routing approach in which hop selection is based on the difference of angle between the source and destination cluster heads with respect to a particular point. The efficiency of the proposed protocol concerning network lifetime and energy consumption is evaluated and compared with low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), enhanced-modified LEACH (E-MODLEACH) and least distance clustering (LDC). The proposed protocol's efficiency is also evaluated for different optimisation algorithms.

Keywords: WSN; wireless sensor network; clustering protocol; load balancing; network lifetime; GWO; grey wolf optimiser; PSO; particle swarm optimisation; GSA; gravitational search algorithm; LEACH; low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy; E-MODLEACH; enhanced-modified LEACH; LDC; least distance clustering.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAIP.2025.144975

International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 2025 Vol.30 No.1, pp.1 - 21

Received: 25 Sep 2018
Accepted: 13 Oct 2019
Published online: 17 Mar 2025 *

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