Title: A review of the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, prophylaxis and pandemic potential of the Nipah virus

Authors: Sujeet Kumar Mritunjay; Dhananjay Kashyap; Shailaja Mohanta; Santosh Kumar; Vipin Kumar; Varsha Chauhan; Sadhna Chaturvedi

Addresses: Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, MP, India ' Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, MP, India ' Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India ' Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, MP, India ' Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India ' Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, MP, India ' Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, MP, India

Abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) is an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. It is highly pathogenic to an extensive range of mammals and is considered to have pandemic capabilities because of its ability to transmit from animals and person to person. The reservoir of NiV is bat (i.e., Pteropus species or fruit bats). Transmission of NiV is primarily from bats to animals or bats to humans or animals to human but human to human transmission is barely occur such as in the outbreaks seen in Bangladesh and India. The NiV infection clinical symptoms range from asymptomatic to very severe and most of the patients show symptomatic symptoms associated with CNS and respiratory diseases. NiV can be diagnosed using a variety of techniques, including molecular approaches and serological methods (ELISA, virus neutralisation, and luminex) (RT-PCR, tissue culture method and immunohistochemistry). NiV vaccinations are not yet available; instead, patients are treated symptomatically.

Keywords: Nipah virus; NiV; paramyxoviridae; Japanese B encephalitis virus; JEV; RT-PCR; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA.

DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2025.144582

International Journal of Biotechnology, 2025 Vol.15 No.1, pp.35 - 51

Received: 19 Aug 2022
Accepted: 03 Jul 2023
Published online: 23 Feb 2025 *

Full-text access for editors Full-text access for subscribers Purchase this article Comment on this article