Title: A hybrid zone-based routing protocol based on ZRP and DSR for emergency applications

Authors: Sanjoy Debnath; Wasim Arif

Addresses: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, 600062, India ' Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam, 788010, India

Abstract: Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) can be rethought for use in disaster relief operations due to their attractive features, such as no infrastructure, fast deployment, and self-organisability. It has also been observed that improving scalability, mobility, bandwidth, and energy efficiency has always been a challenging aspect of ad-hoc routing protocols like MANET. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of all the promising routing protocols in MANET, considering key constraints such as energy efficiency and throughput delivery in disaster relief operations. After that, we proposed HZDL, a hybrid routing protocol based mainly on ZRP and DSR with cluster hierarchy features from the LEACH algorithm. The key controlling parameters include the mobile node's processing speed, background running applications, data storage capacity, and residual battery power. The results of a comprehensive simulation encompassing several performance measurement matrices reveal that the proposed algorithm provides significantly improved results towards improving the node's lifetime and achievable throughput.

Keywords: MANET; mobile ad-hoc networks; hybrid routing protocol; energy efficiency; disaster management.

DOI: 10.1504/IJCNDS.2025.142965

International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems, 2025 Vol.31 No.1, pp.1 - 18

Received: 01 Oct 2023
Accepted: 15 Dec 2023
Published online: 02 Dec 2024 *

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