Title: A comparative study on the photodegradation efficiency of TiO₂-CS hybrid beads under wet and dry conditions

Authors: Mohd Azam Mohd Adnan; Saba Afzal; Mohd Rafie Johan; Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli

Addresses: Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Research Group (AMMR), Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Bestari Jaya Campus, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia ' Department of Chemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University Quetta, Bawrery Road, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan ' Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ' Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract: The direct ex-situ technique successfully produced chitosan (CS) support TiO₂ hybrid beads under wet and dry circumstances. The addition of CS to TiO₂ photocatalysis improves adsorption, dispersion, and stability. The active surface, crystallinity, and morphology of the hybrid beads were determined, confirming the samples' homogenous granular morphology and homogeneous dispersion of TiO₂ nanoparticles in the CS matrix. The more vital interaction between TiO₂ and CS molecules was responsible for the lower IR peak intensities of the OH and NH₂ groups of wet hybrid beads. Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the crystallinity and phase of TiO₂ in both wet and dry samples are almost indistinguishable. With the optimal catalyst loading of 6 g, the photodegradation study revealed that wet hybrid beads reported adsorption of 95% for MB, while dry hybrid beads reported 75% for MO. Therefore, to enhance interactions between TiO₂ and CS, TiO₂-CS wet hybrid beads have superior stability, surface functioning, and adsorption capabilities, as determined by characterisation results.

Keywords: hybrid beads; TiO₂; chitosan; wet condition; methyl orange; methylene blue.

DOI: 10.1504/IJMPT.2022.124258

International Journal of Materials and Product Technology, 2022 Vol.65 No.1, pp.67 - 79

Received: 24 Jun 2021
Accepted: 16 Nov 2021
Published online: 20 Jul 2022 *

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