Title: Organisation and outcomes in social enterprising: comparing Europe and the Middle East and North Africa

Authors: Haya Al-Madadi; Imane El Aouissi; Maria Baijou; Mohamed Kamal Zaraba; Oumaima El Azzouzi; Oussama Er-rady; Salma El Haddaji; Yassine Errachid; Thomas Schøtt

Addresses: School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' School of Business, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco ' Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Entrepreneurship and Relationship Management, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark

Abstract: How is social enterprising pursued in Europe and MENA? A representative sample of 92,208 adults in Europe and MENA was surveyed for the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Participation in social entrepreneurship is wider in Europe than in MENA. Society and environment are valued in social enterprises more in MENA than in Europe. Informal sources of financing prevail in MENA whereas formal sources dominate in Europe. Market orientation is enhanced when economy of enterprising is valued rather than society and environment. Reinvestment is pursued by women more than by men. Innovation in social enterprises is higher in MENA than in Europe. Expectation for growth is coupled with use of formal and informal sources of financing. Assessment of impact is extensive for female-led enterprises and promoted by market orientation. The study contributes to knowledge about social entrepreneurship as organised and pursued as a social institution in society, but differently in Europe and MENA.

Keywords: social enterprises; social value; environmental value; economic value; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; GEM.

DOI: 10.1504/MJCCM.2020.112242

MENA Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 2020 Vol.1 No.1, pp.20 - 41

Received: 14 Nov 2019
Accepted: 19 Feb 2020
Published online: 05 Jan 2021 *