Title: Testing and finite element modelling of concrete block masonry walls under axial and out-of-plane loading

Authors: Andrea C. Isfeld; Anna L. Müller; Mark Hagel; Nigel G. Shrive

Addresses: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada ' Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada ' Alberta Masonry Council, Calgary, Alberta, T2E 7J2, Canada ' Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada

Abstract: The current Canadian masonry design standard, CSA S304-14 (2014), appears to underestimate the capacity of loadbearing masonry walls for some loading combinations and wall sizes. This is compounded by the fact that most testing has been completed on walls with pinned base supports, a condition that is not representative of practice. To understand the structural response of concrete block walls under eccentric axial and combined axial and out-of-plane loads better, walls with height to thickness ratio of 12.6 were tested. The displacement profiles under pinned-fixed and pinned-pinned boundary conditions were obtained for both load combinations and were used with the constituent material properties to calibrate finite element models. Models were developed using micro-modelling approaches, modelling units, mortar and grout as merged parts, or individually with friction contact interfaces, having rebar embedded in the grouted cells. The contact modelling approach showed broad agreement with the test results. Both the test results and the modelling showed a clear reduction in out-of-plane displacements, and change in the displaced profile, when a pinned connection was not forced at the wall base.

Keywords: concrete masonry walls; load eccentricity; out-of-plane loading; slenderness; finite element modelling; FEM.

DOI: 10.1504/IJMRI.2021.112070

International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation, 2021 Vol.6 No.1, pp.60 - 80

Received: 04 Feb 2019
Accepted: 13 Sep 2019

Published online: 04 Jan 2021 *

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