Title: Communication delay effects and mitigation in renewable energy systems AC grid and DC grid: a comprehensive review

Authors: Nissisolomon Rudrapogu; Kalyan Dusarlapudi

Addresses: MBTS Government Polytechnic, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522005, India ' Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koneru Lakshamaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, India

Abstract: As renewable energy becomes a bigger part of today's power systems, strong communication networks are essential to manage and coordinate distributed energy resources in real-time. However, delays in communication - whether from data transmission, processing, or protocol inefficiencies - can seriously impact the stability and performance of both AC and DC power grids. This paper explores how these delays affect renewable energy systems, comparing the unique challenges faced by AC and DC grid configurations. It looks at key issues like frequency regulation in AC systems and voltage control in DC microgrids, and how these are influenced by time-varying delays. A range of solutions is reviewed, from smarter communication protocols and delay-aware control methods to the use of AI, edge computing, and hybrid networks. Real-world examples and simulations help show what works in practice. Finally, the paper highlights promising future directions, including the roles of 5G, blockchain, and AI in building more delay-resilient energy systems.

Keywords: communication delay; renewable energy system; AC grid; DC grid; delay mitigation techniques; distributed energy resources; DER.

DOI: 10.1504/IJHM.2026.155987

International Journal of Hydromechatronics, 2026 Vol.9 No.3, pp.431 - 455

Received: 19 Jun 2025
Accepted: 10 Oct 2025
Published online: 28 Aug 2026 *

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