Title: Fuel consumption and CO₂ emission comparison of conventional and hybrid vehicles using data-based models and ECMS

Authors: Zeynep Burcu Acunas; Ovun Isin; Özgün Balcı

Addresses: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ' Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract: In this study, data was obtained via the OBD2 output of a sample hybrid vehicle. Then, electric motor, battery, and internal combustion engine (ICE) maps were created. Vehicle fuel consumption and CO₂ emission results over NEDC cycle and a local route were compared between conventional vehicle model equipped with spark ignition engine and hybrid vehicle model with ECMS energy management, developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Vehicle fuel consumption decreased by 7.59% with the ECMS controlled hybrid system over the NEDC cycle, and by 12.03% under the local route conditions. Similar significant improvements obtained in CO₂ emission results as well.

Keywords: hybrid vehicle; ECMS; CO₂; fuel consumption; internal combustion engine; ICE.

DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2026.155831

International Journal of Global Warming, 2026 Vol.39 No.4, pp.341 - 352

Received: 14 Dec 2025
Accepted: 08 Feb 2026
Published online: 24 Aug 2026 *

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