Title: Resilient performance of low-rise RCC structures with diverse bracing systems under sequential seismic loading: a comparative numerical investigation

Authors: Vertika Bajaj; Salman Khursheed; Virendra Kumar Paul

Addresses: Department of Building Engineering and Management, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, 110002, India ' Department of Building Engineering and Management, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, 110002, India ' Department of Building Engineering and Management, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, 110002, India

Abstract: Seismic resilience of low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is vital in earthquake-prone regions due to their vulnerability and widespread use. This study evaluates the effectiveness of different bracing systems under sequential seismic events, addressing the limited understanding of their performance across varied building geometries. Finite element models for three building layouts - regular, irregular, and complex - were developed in SAP2000, each analysed with X-, V-, and K-bracing, as well as unbraced configurations, resulting in twelve simulations. Key parameters such as lateral displacement and inter-storey drift were examined. Results indicate that bracing significantly improves seismic response, with X (cross)-bracing proving most effective in reducing deformation. V-bracing offered moderate benefits, while K-bracing was less effective. The study also emphasises the impact of aftershocks in increasing displacement, highlighting the need to consider cumulative seismic effects in design. These findings contribute to developing resilient design strategies for low-rise RC structures, promoting safer and more durable construction in earthquake-prone areas.

Keywords: sequential seismic loading; reinforced concrete; RCC; low-rise structures; bracing systems; lateral displacement; inter-storey drift; peak ground acceleration; PGA; damage susceptibility.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2026.155433

International Journal of Structural Engineering, 2026 Vol.16 No.3, pp.255 - 284

Received: 05 Jun 2025
Accepted: 03 Dec 2025
Published online: 31 Jul 2026 *

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