Title: Particle-SPA optimisation-based wireless sensor network for secured data transmission

Authors: Salman Arafath Mohammed

Addresses: Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering Section, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: In wireless sensor networks (WSN), security is the main concern of developing security protocols that inspires numerous scholars to discover security solutions in an efficient manner that adds a few advantages, like low power consumption, flexible communication, and low cost. However, there exist a few limitations, such as it is impossible to choose the expected cluster precisely, the limited capability of the sensor nodes, and low efficiency. Thus, this research proposes a Particle-SPA optimisation for enabling optimal clustering and routing in WSN depending on the parameters such as energy and trust. The developed algorithm follows featured-sparrow and swarm characteristics, to perform the routing that supports the data transfer in a secure manner. The developed method applied in WSN clustering and routing highlights the achievements with maximal alive nodes, normalised energy, delay, and throughput of 40, 0.354066, 0.001282 ms, and 0.036726 when the simulation with 200 nodes is available at around 1500.

Keywords: secured routing; routing protocol; wireless sensor network; particle-SPA optimisation; data transmission.

DOI: 10.1504/IJWMC.2026.155348

International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing, 2026 Vol.31 No.1, pp.12 - 29

Received: 20 Nov 2023
Accepted: 11 May 2024
Published online: 30 Jul 2026 *

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