Title: A novel dual-fold optimised controller-based energy management system between G2V and V2G for electric vehicles

Authors: G. Benedict Josly; S. Prakash

Addresses: Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India ' Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Efficient energy management in electric vehicles (EVs) is vital to enable bidirectional power flow between grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) modes while maintaining power quality. This paper presents an adaptive energy management system employing a proportional-integral-derivative-derivative² (PIDD²) controller optimised by a dual-fold self-adaptive chameleon swarm algorithm (CSA). The PIDD² controller improves stability and transient response through a second-derivative term, enabling smooth transitions between G2V and V2G operations. The dual-fold CSA adaptively tunes controller parameters to balance exploration and exploitation for optimal performance. The proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink to evaluate voltage regulation, total harmonic distortion (THD), and dynamic response. Results show that the optimised PIDD² controller significantly enhances voltage stability, minimises THD, and ensures rapid convergence under varying load and mode conditions. This adaptive framework provides a robust, high-performance solution for next-generation EV energy management systems.

Keywords: energy management system; grid-to-vehicle; G2V; vehicle-to-grid; V2G; PIDD² controller; chameleon swarm algorithm; CSA.

DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2026.155261

International Journal of Vehicle Performance, 2026 Vol.12 No.3, pp.379 - 399

Received: 28 Jul 2025
Accepted: 20 Dec 2025
Published online: 29 Jul 2026 *

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