Title: Controlled quantum dialogue based on brown states

Authors: Tianyu Miao; Min Jiang

Addresses: School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China ' School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China; Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, China

Abstract: In this paper, a controlled quantum dialogue (CQD) protocol based on Brown states is proposed. In the beginning, the controller Cindy creates a five-qubit Brown state as the channel and distributes it to the other two communication participants, Alice and Bob. Then, Alice and Bob can encode the secret key by performing unitary operation onto the entangled particles that Cindy sends to them. Finally, the messages can be exchanged by entanglement swapping and the results of Bell state measurement. The security analysis shows that our protocol cannot only solves the problem of information leakage, but also can effectively prevent a variety of well-known attacks. Under the control of Cindy, there are two possible decoding methods for participants to obtain each other's information, improving communication security. In addition, this protocol does not involve complex quantum operations and demonstrates a good physical operational feasibility.

Keywords: quantum dialogue; brown states; information leakage problem; entanglement swapping; communication protocol; conspiring attack.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSCIP.2026.154732

International Journal of System Control and Information Processing, 2026 Vol.5 No.1, pp.16 - 29

Received: 15 Aug 2024
Accepted: 27 Mar 2025
Published online: 12 Jul 2026 *

Full-text access for editors Full-text access for subscribers Purchase this article Comment on this article