Title: A generalised sustainable EOQ model for deteriorating complementary products: carbon tax approach and green investment focus

Authors: Amarat H. Rathod; Kunal Tarunkumar Shukla; Dharmesh K. Katariya

Addresses: Nr. Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Gujarat Technological University, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 382424, India; Department of Sciences and Humanities, Government Polytechnic for Girls, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India ' Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India ' Department of Sciences and Humanities, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India

Abstract: This study aims to compare inventory decisions with and without implementation of green investment under carbon emission for two or more complementary products. These complementary products are assumed to be deteriorating. The generalised framework for 'n' number of complementary products is presented for two scenarios: 1) with green investment; 2) without green investment. This framework is illustrated through numerical examples for three complementary products and the optimality of the objective function is validated though the Hessian matrix method and also presented graphically. The finding of the study demonstrates to compare the influence of green investment strategies, on the economic, environmental, and social pillars of sustainability in the retail industry. Scenario 1 yields a higher profit on green investment and lower carbon emissions compared to scenario 2. Additionally, we compare the numerical results of scenarios 1 and 2 and validate the model outcomes through sensitivity analysis and graphical representation.

Keywords: complementary products; deterioration; economic order quantity; EOQ; green investment; carbon emission.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAOM.2026.154445

International Journal of Advanced Operations Management, 2026 Vol.17 No.2, pp.217 - 244

Received: 22 Apr 2025
Accepted: 20 Nov 2025
Published online: 29 Jun 2026 *

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