Title: A comprehensive conceptual review of Industry 4.0, Lean Six Sigma and the circular economy

Authors: Ashish Shrivastava

Addresses: Mechanical Engineering Department, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan – 333031, India

Abstract: Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is a quality management system that combines the strengths of both approaches to improve overall organisational efficiency. Its adoption is expected to increase across various sectors because it has the potential to produce profitable outcomes. Lean manufacturing focuses on reducing waste, including energy, time, and materials, while Six Sigma aims to minimise variation and improve process quality. These goals are closely aligned with the circular economy, which promotes recycling, reuse, and resource efficiency. LSS contributes to longer product lifespans and less obsolescence by increasing reliability and reducing defects. This paper investigates the connections between the circular economy, Lean Six Sigma, and Industry 4.0, presenting a theoretical framework based on the literature. Understanding their synergy can help to create a competitive, efficient atmosphere and optimise procedures.

Keywords: Lean Six Sigma; LSS; circular economy; Industry 4.0; lean manufacturing; Six Sigma.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSSCA.2026.154285

International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage, 2026 Vol.15 No.4, pp.351 - 370

Accepted: 01 Nov 2024
Published online: 19 Jun 2026 *

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