Title: Investigation on mass transfer in the synthesis of MnO₂ in an ultrasound enhanced impinging jet reactor

Authors: Zhipeng Xu; Bing-Bing Chen; Luming Chen; Wei Zhang

Addresses: Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China ' Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China ' Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China ' Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China

Abstract: This study experimentally investigated the mass transfer process involved in nanoparticle synthesis in an ultrasound-enhanced confined impinging jet reactor. The effects of micro-mixing performance and nucleation rate on the mass transfer rate were investigated in detail. It was found that ultrasound application effectively reduced the average particle size of the nanoparticles and narrow the particle size distribution range. Ultrasonic cavitation effects can markedly increase the nucleation rate of nanoparticles, leading to smaller average particle sizes. The application of ultrasound can effectively reduce the particle size, which finally inhibits the mass transfer at the particle scale. However, it is found that the mass transfer performance over the reactor is enhanced by the ultrasonic cavitation effect increasing nucleation rate and micromixing efficiency.

Keywords: ultrasound; mass transfer; nanoparticle synthesis; impinging jet reactor.

DOI: 10.1504/IJESMS.2026.153748

International Journal of Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation, 2026 Vol.17 No.3, pp.184 - 194

Received: 21 Nov 2024
Accepted: 17 Mar 2025
Published online: 22 May 2026 *

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