Title: Exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel - biodiesel blends including green synthesised HC-Glu and HC-Cel nanoparticles

Authors: Cuneyt Uysal; Ümit Ağbulut; Hamza Simsir; Fikret Polat; Suat Saridemir

Addresses: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Karabuk University, 78050, Karabuk, Turkiye; Automotive Technologies Program, TOBB Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karabuk University, 78050, Karabuk, Turkiye ' Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34349, Istanbul, Turkiye; Department of Technical Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan ' Metallurgy Program, TOBB Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karabuk University, 78050, Karabuk, Turkiye; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Karabuk University, 78050, Karabuk, Turkiye ' Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkiye ' Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkiye

Abstract: In this study, a diesel engine fuelled by diesel-biodiesel blends including HC-Glu and HC-Cel nanoparticles is investigated in the perspectives of exergy and exergoeconomics. B20HC-Glu100, B20HC-Glu200, B20HC-Cel100 and B20HC-Cel200 nanofuels were prepared with HC-Glu and HC-Cel nanoparticles addition of 100 ppm and 200 ppm to B20, respectively. The highest exergy efficiency of test engine was calculated to be 25.23% for B20HC-Cel200, whereas, the cheapest specific exergy cost of crankshaft work was determined to be 142.67 US$/GJ for D100. Nanofuels had better exergetic and exergoeconomic performances compared to their base fuels. However, D100 showed the best exergoeconomic performance compared to nanofuels.

Keywords: hydrochar; hydrothermal carbonisation; nanofuel; green nanoparticle.

DOI: 10.1504/IJEX.2026.152941

International Journal of Exergy, 2026 Vol.49 No.4, pp.245 - 260

Received: 06 Jul 2025
Accepted: 14 Oct 2025
Published online: 15 Apr 2026 *

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