Title: Artificial intelligence in line with the provisions of international law: risks and challenges

Authors: Sarah Al-Arasi; Ola Ghazi Abbasi; Hisham Al-Kasasbeh; Wasan AlRawashdeh; Randa Alsayed El-bheery

Addresses: Faculty of Law, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan ' Department of Comparative Law, Sheikh Nouh Al-Qudah Collage for Sharia and Law, The World Islamic Science and Education University, Amman, 11947, Jordan ' Faculty of Law, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan ' Judge, Jordanian Judicial Council, Amman, 11118, Jordan ' Legal Researcher, Amman, 11593, Jordan

Abstract: This study showed the great importance of addressing the risks of artificial intelligence and its technologies in light of its continuous developments within the rules and provisions of international law, as the international community has begun to suffer from many challenges and moral, and legal risks as result of this development, which had to address the civil and criminal liability resulting from the absence of its legal personality that makes them eligible for litigation. Accordingly, the researcher reached a number of results, the most important is that the criminal liability is to be limited to the individual and not the artificial entity, and then she recommended the necessity of introducing special penalties for smart machines such as destroying or preventing them from working under the penalty of punishment if this rule was violated.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; civil liability; criminal liability; human rights; international law.

DOI: 10.1504/IJAIGHR.2026.152897

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Governance and Human Rights, 2026 Vol.1 No.1, pp.5 - 24

Received: 22 Jan 2025
Accepted: 02 Apr 2025
Published online: 14 Apr 2026 *