Title: A multi-level approach for asymmetric technological cooperation

Authors: Seyed Amirreza Enjavi; Shaban Elahi; Ali Shayan; Seyedesmaeil Mousavi

Addresses: Science and Technology Policymaking, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran ' Information Technology Management, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, 7718897111, Iran ' Science and Technology Policymaking, Department of Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran ' Technology and Innovation Management, Institute for Research & Planning in Higher Education, Tehran, 1915673481, Iran

Abstract: Asymmetric technological cooperation (ATC) is crucial for the knowledge-based economy, enabling significant science and technology transfer. This study highlights ATC's importance in public policy and examines various ATC processes and programs, alongside policymakers' motivations to intervene. Using meta-synthesis, the research consolidates relevant literature to define a typology of ATC activities and the policies that promote them. The study adopts a multi-level framework - niche, regime, and landscape levels - to analyse policy measures that facilitate ATC by driving socio-technical system changes. It argues that effective ATC depends on active policymaker involvement to support and manage these systemic transitions. Ultimately, the paper emphasises that policymakers play a vital role in enabling ATC, which is essential for fostering technological progress and sustaining knowledge-based economic growth.

Keywords: ATC; asymmetric technological cooperation; collaboration; facilitation policy; incumbent; startup.

DOI: 10.1504/IJTPM.2026.152562

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 2026 Vol.26 No.1, pp.20 - 62

Received: 17 Feb 2024
Accepted: 24 Jun 2024
Published online: 27 Mar 2026 *

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