Title: The role of cultural diversity and its impact on strategic performance through job embeddedness: an empirical study in Iraqi premium-class hotels

Authors: Khalidiya Mostafa Atta; Marwan Sabah Hasan; Zaid Yaseen Saud

Addresses: College of Administration and Economics, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad, Al-Karkh, 10011, Iraq ' College of Administration and Economics, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad, Al-Karkh, 10011, Iraq ' College of Administration and Economics, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad, Al-Karkh, 10011, Iraq

Abstract: The study aims to fill the theoretical and practical gap of the mediating effect of job embeddedness on cultural diversity and the improvement of strategic performance through the development of a conceptual framework for Hofstede's model of cultural diversity dimensions (individualism/collectivism, indulgence/restraint, distance uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and long/short-term orientation) along with strategic performance and job embeddedness as a mediating variable. The developed model has been tested through statistical tools Amos.v.23 and SPSS (v.25) to analyse data from 93 employees in several premium-class Iraqi hotels (Al-Mansour, Al-Rasheed and Babel). The results showed the mediating effect of job embeddedness in strengthening the relationship between cultural diversity and strategic performance. The developed model site (Hofstede model) aligns with job embeddedness in the hotel sector.

Keywords: balanced scorecard; Hofstede model; job embeddedness; strategic performance.

DOI: 10.1504/IJSEM.2026.152442

International Journal of Services, Economics and Management, 2026 Vol.17 No.2, pp.121 - 146

Received: 02 Jun 2023
Accepted: 22 Oct 2023
Published online: 20 Mar 2026 *

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