Title: The consumer-adoption framework for unmanned retail: a case study of automated vending machines

Authors: Kuei-Chien Chiu; Yan-Bu Lin; Alok Kumar Sharma

Addresses: Department of Business Administration, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413, Taiwan ' Department of Business Administration, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413, Taiwan ' Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413, Taiwan

Abstract: This study investigates consumer behaviour in unmanned retail systems, focusing on automated vending machines. To address gaps in understanding technology adoption in these settings, the consumer-adoption framework for unmanned retail (CAFUR) is proposed, integrating dimensions like automated interaction efficiency and digital trust in retail with constructs from TAM and UTAUT. Data from 300 respondents were analysed to examine perceived value, expected effort, social influence, expected performance, and customer satisfaction. Regression analysis shows expected performance as the strongest predictor of satisfaction, followed by perceived value, social influence, and expected effort. The findings emphasise optimising system efficiency, user experience, and interface design to enhance adoption. This research bridges theoretical insights with practical applications, offering strategies for leveraging analytics, improving engagement, and addressing consumer preferences to innovate unmanned retail technologies.

Keywords: unmanned stores; automated vending machines; purchasing demand; customer satisfaction.

DOI: 10.1504/IJPM.2026.152262

International Journal of Procurement Management, 2026 Vol.25 No.3, pp.369 - 389

Received: 09 Dec 2024
Accepted: 16 Dec 2024
Published online: 13 Mar 2026 *

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