Title: Education and women's employment outcomes: evidence from Ethiopia

Authors: Ibrahim Ouédraogo; Marie Madeleine Ouoba; Jean Louis Bago

Addresses: Nazi Boni University, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso ' Virtual University, Ouagadougou, BP 64 Ouagadougou Cité An II, Burkina Faso ' Department of Economics, Government of Quebec, QC G1X 4A5, Canada

Abstract: We present evidence on the impacts of education on women's employment outcomes in developing countries using a robust econometric strategy to account for both the endogeneity of education and the selection bias in employment outcomes. Using micro-level data from Ethiopia, we estimate the causal effect of education on the probability that a female worker is wage-employed. The empirical strategy utilises the Ethiopian Government's Free Primary Education reform of the 1990s to obtain exogenous variation in levels education among women. Consistent estimation of the causal effect of education is achieved by combining this instrumental variable approach with the Heckman correction method for selection bias. We find that an additional year of schooling completed increases the probability that a female worker is wage-employed. Interestingly, neither marriage, nor motherhood instrumented by infertility has a significant effect on this probability.

Keywords: education; wage employment; self-employment; instrumental variable; Heckman correction method; Ethiopia.

DOI: 10.1504/AJESD.2025.151431

African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 2025 Vol.10 No.4, pp.381 - 403

Received: 29 Dec 2024
Accepted: 05 Jun 2025
Published online: 29 Jan 2026 *

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